Early symptoms of acute lithium toxicity include gastrointestinal (GI) problems, like:
You have signs of dehydration such as increased thirst, dark yellow urine, urinating little or not at all, or dry eyes or mouth. You have severe muscle spasms.
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Lithium toxicity, also known as lithium overdose, is the condition of having too much lithium. Symptoms may include a tremor, increased reflexes, trouble walking, kidney problems, and an altered level of consciousness. Some symptoms may last for a year after levels return to normal. Complications may include serotonin syndrome.[1]
Lithium toxicity can occur due to excessive intake or decreased excretion.[1] Excessive intake may be either a suicide attempt or accidental.[1] Decreased excretion may occur as a result of dehydration such as from vomiting or diarrhea, a low sodium diet, or from kidney problems.[1] The diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by a lithium level in blood serum of greater than 1.2 mEq/L.[1][2]
Symptoms of lithium toxicity can be mild, moderate, or severe.[1]
Mild symptoms include nausea, feeling tired, and tremor occur at a level of 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L in blood serum. Moderate symptoms include confusion, an increased heart rate, and low muscle tone occur at a level of 2.5 to 3.5 mEq/L.[1] Severe symptoms include coma, seizures, low blood pressure and increased body temperature which occur at a lithium concentration greater than 3.5 mEq/L.[1] When lithium overdoses produce neurological deficits or cardiac toxicity, the symptoms are considered serious and can be fatal.[5]
In acute toxicity, people have primarily gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, which may result in volume depletion. During acute toxicity, lithium distributes later into the central nervous system causing dizziness and other mild neurological symptoms.[6]
In chronic toxicity, people have primarily neurological symptoms which include nystagmus, tremor, hyperreflexia, ataxia, and change in mental status. During chronic toxicity, the gastrointestinal symptoms seen in acute toxicity are less prominent. The symptoms are often vague and nonspecific.[7]
In acute on chronic toxicity[clarification needed], people have symptoms of both acute and chronic toxicity.
There are several drug interactions with lithium. Interactions can occur from typical antipsychotics or atypical antipsychotics. In particular, certain drugs enhance lithium levels by increasing renal re-absorption at the proximal tubule. These drugs are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and thiazide diuretics.[13]
The diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by a lithium level blood level.[1][2] Blood levels are most useful six to twelve hours after the last dose.[2] The normal blood serum lithium level in those on treatment is between 0.6-1.2 mEq/L.[1] Some blood tubes contain lithium heparin which may result in falsely elevated results.[2]
When lithium toxicity is suspected tests may include:
Imaging tests are not helpful.
If the person''s lithium toxicity is mild or moderate, lithium dosage is reduced or stopped entirely.[13] If the toxicity is severe, lithium may need to be removed from the body. The removal of lithium is done in a hospital emergency department. It may involve:
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