Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier is similar to Single Phase diode bridge rectifier but the only difference is that diodes are replaced by thyristors. Contact online >>
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier is similar to Single Phase diode bridge rectifier but the only difference is that diodes are replaced by thyristors.
The controlled bridge type converters are classified into two classes:
Fig. 1 (a) shows the typical circuit diagram of single-phase fully controlled bridge converter. It consists of four SCRs T1 to T4 and they are connected in bridge type configuration driving the resistive load.
The operation of single-phase fully controlled converter consists of three modes:
At ωt = 0 instant, the supply voltage goes through zero, after ωt = 0, the supply goes towards positive, i.e. during positive half cycle of AC input voltage, thyristors T1 and T2 are fired at ωt = α, thus the average output voltage is equal to the supply voltage (i.e. V0 = VS). The current flows from point L through thyristor T1 through load resistance through T2 to point N. The load current is positive and has the same shape as that of AC mains input voltage. The load voltage and load current are in phase. At ωt = π instant, the supply voltage goes through zero, the conducting SCRs T1 and T2 are turned off due to natural commutation. At this instant, both load voltage and load currents are zero.
At ωt = π, the supply becomes zero, after ωt = π the supply voltage reverses polarities. Therefore, in this mode of operation, no SCR conducts. Both load voltage and load currents are zero.
At instant ωt = π + α i.e. during negative half cycle of AC input voltage, the SCRs T2 and T4 are fired at ωt = π + α. Therefore, the load is directly connected to supply voltage and average output voltage is equal to the instantaneous supply voltage (i.e. V0 = VS). The load voltage is positive and load current is continuous positive. The SCRs T2 and T4 continue to conduct upto 2π. At ωt = 2π, the supply goes through zero, so conducting thyristors T2 and T4 will turn-off at ωt = 2π, due to line natural commutation.
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The single-phase fully controlled rectifier allows the conversion of single-phase AC into DC. All four devices used are Thyristors.
Turn-off happens when the current through the device reaches zero and it is reverse biased at least for a duration equal to the turn-off time of the device specified in the datasheet.
Fig 1. Single Phase Full-controlled Rectifier R Load
AC Power Supply: The input power source is typically an AC supply.
Thyristor(s) (SCR): Thyristors are semiconductors that act as controlled rectifiers. Since the above circuit is a bridge circuit. It consists of 4 thyristors.
The article consists of two circuits namely R load and RL loadResistive Load (R): A load with resistive in nature ductive Load (RL): A load with inductance, such as a motor or a transformer.
Resistor (R): A resistor may be connected in series with the inductive load to limit the current.
a. Positive Half-Cycle
The thyristor is triggered into conduction at α (firing angle) during the positive half-cycle of the input AC voltage. The conductivity of the thyristor enables current to move through the load (R) and thyristor (T1 & T2) simultaneously.
Fig 3.1 – Working of Full Converter During Positive Cycle
The input voltage changes polarity at the conclusion of the positive half-cycle, resulting in the thyristor''s natural shutdown.
b. Negative Half-Cycle:
The thyristor (T1&T2) is reverse-biased and does not conduct during the negative half-cycle of the input AC voltage. However, during this half-cycle, the thyristors (T3 & T4) conduct, and current flows through the load.
Both the output voltage and current are positive cycles in this setup. This is a result of the load being positive with regard to the ground throughout both cycles.
Similar to this, the thyristor (T3 & T4) is off during the positive cycle, and the input voltage changes polarity causing the thyristor to naturally turn off.
Fig 3.2 – Working of Full Converter During Negative Cycle
The single-phase full-wave circuit''s average voltage VO over load R is calculated as follows:
a. Positive Half-Cycle:
During the positive half-cycle of the input AC voltage, the thyristor (T1 & T2) is triggered at α (firing angle) into conduction. The thyristor conducts, allowing the current to flow through the inductive load (RL) and the thyristor. The load current rises, and energy is stored in the inductor.
At the end of the positive half-cycle, the input voltage reverses polarity, causing the thyristor (T1 & T2) to naturally turn off.
The inductive load tries to maintain the current flow after the thyristor turns off. However, since the thyristor is off, the load continuously conducts until the charges are present in the inductor. But the inductor discharges current in the reverse direction.
b. Negative Half-Cycle:
During the negative half-cycle of the input AC voltage, both the thyristor (T1 & T2) do not conduct. No current flows through the load during this half-cycle using T1 & T2.
Thyristor T3 & T4 conducts during the negative cycle. Similarly, the inductor stores the charges during the negative cycle.
At the end of the negative half-cycle, the input voltage reverses polarity, causing the thyristor (T3 & T4) to naturally turn off. However, the load continuously conducts until the charges are present in the inductor in the reverse direction.
The single-phase full-wave circuit''s average voltage V0 over load RL is calculated as follows:
When α= 90°, the output voltage will be zero. It implies that there will be an equal amount of positive and negative areas in the output voltage, resulting in zero output voltage.
The converter functions in inversion mode for firing angles α greater than 90°. For α = 180, the voltage will be maximally negative.
Fig 4.1 Full Controlled Rectifier With R Load Output Waveform
Fig 4.2 Full Controlled Rectifier With RL Load Output WaveformMatlab Simulation Results
Fig 5. Single Phase Full Bridge Converter With R Load
Fig 6. Simulink Circuit of Full-controlled Rectifier R Load
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier (or Converter) both positive and negative halves of AC supply are used and, therefore, the effective value of DC voltage is increased and ripple content is reduced compared to half-wave rectifiers. Basically, there are two types of FWR.
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