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The Israel-based firm Doral has won a NIS 3.3 million grant from the Energy Ministry
Hydrogen is the most common element in nature but rarely exists in its pure form in nature. It is possible to produce hydrogen from water through the electrolysis process by using electricity. In addition, it is possible to produce hydrogen from organic materials, such as natural gas and coal, using several methods of reforming and gasification. It is customary to classify hydrogen into several types according to the raw materials and the production process outcomes– brown hydrogen and grey hydrogen are produced from fossil fuels and involve greenhouse emissions. In producing blue hydrogen, a process is added to capture greenhouse gases, while green hydrogen is produced from the start without carbon emissions, using electricity from renewable energy.
Hydrogen is purposeful. The existing technologies already allow the use of hydrogen to produce, store, and use energy in different ways. Hydrogen conveying can be done in pipelines, in liquid form by ships, or through chemical solutions (e.g., ammonia or DME). Hydrogen can be consumed as a means of electricity production or fuel for cars, trucks, ships, and airplanes.
The use of hydrogen can help deal with various critical energy challenges. It offers ways to reduce carbon emissions from various sources, including long-term transport, chemicals, iron and steel production, where it is not easy to achieve significant emissions reductions. The use of hydrogen can help improve air quality, access to energy in insulated and remote locations, the electricity grid’s reliability, and enhance energy security.
Hydrogen actually allows energy storage, and it appears as one of the promising options to ensure the long-term storage of renewable energy for days, weeks, and even months. Therefore, hydrogen allows extensive penetration of renewable energies, mainly solar and wind energies, whose availability is not always synchronized with demand.
However, hydrogen production requires energy investment, and sometimes the process efficiency is inadequate. Furthermore, safety issues should be considered. Hydrogen also requires greater energy for storage and transportation in comparison with fossil fuels. Currently, the desired green hydrogen production costs are higher than hydrogen production using fossil fuels, and a heavy initial investment is required in infrastructure. In light of the forecasts that about 18-20% of the global energy economy in 2050 will be based on hydrogen, huge amounts are already being invested in the hydrogen economy throughout the world.
The main use of hydrogen in the world today is as raw material for the manufacturing of fertilizers and chemicals – 55% of the hydrogen is used in ammonia production, 25% in oil refining, and 10% in methanol production. However, hydrogen as an energy carrier is an important element in the solution options offered to limit global warming. Indeed, in the past two years, various countries throughout the world are publishing strategies for incorporating hydrogen in their energy economy for transportation, de-carbonization of the industry, building air conditioning, and support for the penetration of regenerating energies, as well as implementing programs to support the incorporation of hydrogen by setting objectives, incentives, or their combination.
Now is the right time to take advantage of hydrogen’s potential in playing a key role in the future of clean, safe, and affordable energy. The International Energy Agency (IEA) published a landmark report to analyze the current state of hydrogen technologies and suggest guidelines for its future development. The report reveals that clean hydrogen is currently enjoying an unprecedented political and business momentum, with a rapidly expanding number of policies and projects worldwide. The report concludes that it is time to increase the technological supply and reduce the costs to allow extensive hydrogen use. The pragmatic recommendations offered to governments and industry will allow us to take advantage of this growing momentum in full.
For the State of Israel to join the global effort to limit global warming and enjoy the economic and environmental benefits, the Forum participants recommended several steps worth taking.
1. A road map to integrate hydrogen in the Israeli energy economy – the subject must be examined critically in accordance with Israel’s unique conditions. The examination of this issue should include consideration of a variety of topics, including the raw materials for production, production technologies (their ripeness and cost-effectiveness), transportation and storage solutions, applications relevant to Israel, and the proportional part of hydrogen in the future fuel mix, by comparing hydrogen with alternative solutions. Based on the examination findings, a strategy will be formulated for the optimal integration of hydrogen in the Israeli energy economy.
2. Developing a dedicated hydrogen regulation – the absence of dedicated regulation and viewing hydrogen through the prism of dangerous material only, constitute a bottleneck for developing and implementing hydrogen technologies in Israel. A suitable regulation is required for all stages: production, transportation, storage, and use, both in transportation (both for gas stations and vehicles) and the field of energy storage.
3. Israel’s place in international hydrogen trade – it is recommended to examine the possibility of transporting hydrogen in our region (through seaports). It is especially recommended to examine Israel’s possible cooperation as a MENA state with European or Middle Eastern countries in projects of green energy production.
4. Developing Israeli innovation in hydrogen – the development of R&D in the field of hydrogen can help implement hydrogen incorporation in the Israeli market alongside its potential for significant economic benefits. The Innovation Authority, being a major player in R&D, and the Ministry of Energy, should be the key players in the process.The domain can be promoted through different actions that can be implemented simultaneously:
Israel is home for more than 9 million people, with a GDP of approximately $40,000 per capita in 2020[1]. Israel’s total area is roughly 22,000 square kilometers, and densely populated – close to 422/km2. It has total road length of about 20,000 km.
The main form of energy consumed by the transportation sector in Israel is hydrocarbon-based liquid fuel (mainly gasoline and diesel).
Israel has two oil refineries with installed distillation capacity greater than the needs of the country. Israel is a net importer of crude oil and exporter of oil distillates.
Taxation on fuel for transportation is high and similar to taxation policy in western European countries such as Italy, France and Germany.
The main energy conversion technology currently dominating the transportation market in Israel is internal combustion engines based on hydrocarbon fuels (internal combustion – piston engines and gas turbines).
A decade ago, large natural gas reservoirs were discovered in the Mediterranean Sea near Israel. These discoveries were developed during the last decade, and a natural gas transmission pipeline network was developed. Local gas networks are still growing. Today these discoveries supply approximately 37% of total energy demand and serve as fuel for electricity generation and industry. Use of natural gas as a direct energy source for transportation is limited mainly to buses.
Israel’s energy policy is promoting usage of natural gas instead of coal for electricity generation. Coal was used as the main fuel for electricity generation in Israel for more than 40 years. Israel plans to eliminate coal as an energy source by the end of 2025.
Electricity generation from renewable sources (almost exclusively solar) is promoted by the Ministry of Energy, with a target of 30% of the electricity mix by 2030; it was a little over 6% in 2020.
Heavy railway transportation in Israel is developing fast, and Israel’s railway company is pushing toward electrification of all passenger lines, which are currently based on diesel locomotives. Electrification of the first line (Jerusalem – Tel Aviv) was completed during 2019.
Light railway is operating in Jerusalem, and another line in Tel-Aviv will likely be completed in 2022. New lines are planned and would be constructed during this decade.
A new Metro system for the central part of Israel is currently in early design phases. This system would serve about 3 million people.
Israel’s energy policy is based on energy security and environmental concerns. Energy conversion technology does not serve as a major consideration since it is dictated usually by the available energy source.
Israel signed the 2015 Paris Agreement and is pursuing decarbonization of energy usage in the country.
Because Israel is a densely populated country with positive population growth, the transportation ministry has chosen development of public transportation as a main target. As mentioned above, all rail activity (heavy and light) will be electrified during this decade. This will decrease the demand for hydrocarbon fuel for public transportation.
Currently, most of the buses in Israel are diesel buses, with a few dozen electric buses and a few dozen running on natural gas. Limited subsidies are specifically offered for new alternative energy buses. While public transportation is generally subsidized by the government, the operators are being encouraged by the government in various ways to purchase buses that can use alternative fuels to diesel (NG and electricity). The government is close to a decision that all new urban buses will be electric by 2025.
Heavy duty transportation is solely based on diesel. In this sector, total cost of ownership is a key consideration for operators. The government does not actively intervene in the considerations of the operators regarding choice of energy source and energy conversion method. Subsidy for purchase of natural gas trucks did not attract operators due to lack of fueling infrastructure and limited offer of trucks.
For commercial aviation and maritime activity, Israel is following worldwide regulation.
Considerations of energy security (natural gas and renewable electricity), combined with dense population and environmental concerns due to a relatively arid climate, support transportation electrification. As mentioned above, it is expected that all rail transportation would be electrified by the end of this decade. Light duty transportation would be electrified according to the availability of commercial platforms and the development of charging infrastructure. It is expected that regulation regarding limitation of entry into cities of polluting vehicles will increase. Currently, such regulations are active in some zones for commercial vehicles with old euro emission certification.
As a relatively small market, Israel has limited ability to mass produce energy conversion machines at a competitive cost. Therefore, the consumption of such machines is usually following trends in the developed countries. Nevertheless, development of new energy conversion machines and methods is actively done in Israel with the support of the Ministry of Energy's chief scientist and a special administrative division in the prime minister’s office.
The main transportation indicators which characterize Israel are (2019):
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