Huang Dean (Chief Compliance Officer)Zhang Zhigang (President)Pan Jingdong (Executive Vice President)
The State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), commonly known as the State Grid, is a Chinese state-owned electric utility corporation. It is the largest utility company in the world. As of March 2024[update], State Grid is the world''s third largest company overall by revenue, behind Walmart and Amazon.[2] In 2023 it was reported as having 1.3 million employees, 1.1 billion customers and revenue equivalent to US$546 billion. It is overseen by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council.
After the electricity Plant-Grid Separation reform in early 2002, the assets of State Electric Power Corporation () were divided into five power generation groups that retained the power plants and five regional subsidiaries belonging to the State Grid Corporation of China in Beijing.[3]
The State Grid Corporation was involved in a multi-phase smart-grid project for China''s electrical grid planned for 2011–2015.[10] China''s smart grid efforts are different from those in the United States in that its plans heavily use ultra high voltage (UHV) lines. Several UHV construction projects began in 2012 to bring UHV power lines across Huainan, Wannan, and Shanghai and another from Xilingol League to Nanjing. By 2015, the company planned to have three more horizontal UHV lines through West Inner Mongolia to Weifang, from Central Shanxi–Xuzhou to Yaan–southern Anhui and 11 other lines by 2015.[9]
On October 29, 2014, The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection declared that the general manager of State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power, Feng Jun, was detained in an anti-graft operation overseen by the commission.[11] In 2017, his assets (worth 53 million yuan) were seized, and he was sentenced to life in prison.[12]
In 2015, SGCC proposed the Global Energy Interconnection, a long-term proposal to develop globally integrated smart grids and ultra high voltage transmission networks to connect over 80 countries.[13]: 92–93 The idea is supported by President Xi Jinping and China in attempting to develop support in various internal forums, including UN bodies.[13]: 92
As of at least 2024, SGCC is the world''s largest energy utility company.[13]: 92 It operates almost all of China''s energy transmission network.[13]: 92
In Portugal, State Grid has a 25% stake in REN since the second stage of its privatization (in 2012–2014).[23]
In Australia, State Grid owns a 41% stake in ElectraNet, a 19.9% stake in AusNet Services, and 60% stake in Jemena.[24]
In Brazil, State Grid is involved in developing, building, and operating hydropower facilities.[8]: 207 State Grid acquired the control of CPFL Energia S.A. for the equivalent of US$3.4 billion in 2017.[25] State Grid built the 2000 km Ultra High Voltage power line delivering hydropower to the megacities Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.[26]
In Chile, State Grid acquired Chilquinta Energía, the third-largest distributor of electricity in Chile, and Tecnored SA, which provides construction services to Chilquinta, from U.S. power company Sempra Energy. The deal was closed on June 24, 2020.[27] On 13 November 2020, it was announced that State Grid had reached an agreement to acquire Compañia General de Electricidad (CGE), the largest distribution of electricity in this country.[28]
In Italy, State Grid owns 35% stake in CDP Reti, which owns a third of Italy''s power and gas grid operators Terna and Snam.[29]
The structure and functioning of China''s power sector will play a significant role in the Chinese government''s ability to meet its climate goals. Chinese policy makers have highlighted the importance of power market reform to meeting these goals, including in the 14th Five-Year Plan for a Modern Energy System, which highlights power market reform as an element of a modern energy system that can enable carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. 1
Electric power in China is delivered predominantly by two state-owned utilities: China State Grid and China Southern Grid. China State Grid—the world''s largest electric utility by far—supplies electricity to more than 1.1 billion people in 26 Chinese provinces. 4 China Southern Grid serves more than 250 million people in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong and Macao. 5
Historically, electricity was dispatched in China based on province-by-province administrative allocations. At the end of each year, provincial dispatching centers would forecast total power demand for the following year and then allocate power generation quotas to each generator within their province. Generators within the same category (such as coal-fired power plants) would be allocated roughly the same number of annual operating hours. Coal-fired power plants typically received priority, with guarantees of a minimum number of annual operating hours, even if other sources (such as renewable power) were available. 6
This system—known as "fair dispatch"—differs significantly from electric dispatch systems in most advanced economies. In the United States, Europe and Japan, for example, most electricity is dispatched based on the marginal cost of the electric generator. Electric utilities start by purchasing the electricity with the lowest marginal cost, then purchase electricity with next lowest marginal cost, and repeat this process until all demand for electricity in a service area is met. This system is known as "economic dispatch." 7
China''s historic system of electricity dispatch created several problems with respect to the government''s climate and clean energy goals.
Electric power market reforms are underway in China to help reduce prices, improve efficiency, cut coal power capacity and promote climate change goals. 10 These reforms are described below.
During the latter part of the 20th century, all parts of China''s electric power system were run by a single state-owned enterprise—the State Power Corporation. In 2002, the State Council published Document #5, breaking up the State Electricity Department into two grid companies (China State Grid and China Southern Grid) and five power generation companies. An independent regulator—the State Electricity Regulatory Commission—was established (and later folded into the National Energy Administration). 1
Reform of the electricity market returned to the national energy policy agenda in 2015 with the publication of Document #9 on Deepening Reform of the Power Sector. 12 The document laid out a broad agenda for reforms, including changing the revenue model for grid companies, direct retail access to power markets, retail competition, promotion of demand-side management, improved generator dispatch, improved renewable integration and removal of barriers to distributed generation. 13 The document''s call for wholesale markets to determine dispatch and investment decisions aligned with the philosophy of the high-profile Third Plenum of the 18th Party Congress in November 2013 to allow markets to play a central role in guiding investment in environmental and energy resources. 14
Power market reforms are widely considered important to achieving carbon neutrality because of their potential to promote energy efficiency and low-carbon energy sources.
Barriers to interprovincial trading of electricity have been an obstacle to wind and solar power generation, since variable renewable energy can be more easily managed when smoothed over larger geographical areas. 44 Several studies have shown that more flexible trading of electricity across provincial boundaries offers the lowest cost solution for improving system flexibility and increasing renewable integration. 45
Spot markets are also often considered essential for integrating large amounts of renewable power into electric grids. Spot markets tend to favor plants with lower marginal cost of production such as wind and solar power (which have zero fuel costs). Spot markets are also key to ensuring that carbon prices fully incentivize consumers to prioritize energy efficiency and lower-carbon generation (although China''s current carbon markets are based on carbon intensity benchmarks, and the price of carbon emissions allowances does not increase the price of electricity for end consumers or directly affect the dispatch order of power plants). 46
A 2022 analysis by the International Energy Agency found that moving from administratively determined dispatch to economic dispatch would strengthen China''s Emissions Trading System by allowing markets to reflect carbon prices in electricity generation costs.47 Several studies have found that power market reform in China is likely to reduce the cost of low-carbon energy sources and steps toward carbon neutrality. 48
Original title: 2020Links: Source document (in Chinese) (link). Same statistics for (2020) (2019) (2018) (2017) (2016) (2015) (2014) (2013) (2012) (2011) (2010) (2009) (2008) (2007) (2006).
[*: ‘Thermal’ power generation includes coal, gas, oil, and biomass]
：1、、。2、、、。3、、,。4、；5、""、。
Original title: 2020127.3%Links: Source document (in Chinese) (link).
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