Sofia Airport has been awarded a Level 4 certificate for reducing carbon emissions … Contact online >>
Sofia Airport has been awarded a Level 4 certificate for reducing carbon emissions
After the city ofPlovdiv, Sofia will become the second city in Bulgaria to introduce aLow Emissions Zone(LEZ) in order to tackle air pollution September, theauthorities in the Bulgarian capital announced the approval of a new policy establishing an LEZin the city centre and surrounding neighbourhoods. The London-based research centre, Clean Air Fund, supported the City of Sofia in drafting the policy, by estimating the costs of air pollution in the city, which they estimated costs 13.4% of local GDP.
Sofia has been one of the most polluted cities in Europe in recent years, with high levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), particularly during the winter. The city even losta major court caseagainst residents, after which it was mandated by the court to act to reduce pollution.
Thanks to the Clean Air Fund''s research, Mayor Fandakova was able to pass the LEZ legislation. Between 2019-2021, the Clean Air Fund conducted a study on the cost of air pollution in Sofia, investigating the days with higher levels of pollution and tracking data for several indicators, particularly on healthcare and productivity.
The LEZ will be implemented within the ''small-ring'' and the ''big-ring'', an area of 2.3 km radius from the city centre including the core region of Sofia.The aim of the policy measure is to ban old cars, those over20years'' old, from entering the city as they are extremely polluting, as well as beingCO2-inefficient. Nevertheless, themeasure has beenunpopular amongst some people as Bulgaria is the poorest EU Member State and has a very old private vehicle fleet. Despite such opposition, Sofia''s Mayor explained that the LEZ is necessary to improve the city''s air quality and to reduce the associated costs.
The research on the costs of air pollution in the city found that air pollution is expensive.Productivity, absenteeism, and employee retention of highly-skilled workers were deeply impacted by the extreme levels of air pollution. In 2019 alone, air pollution was estimated to cost around 13.4% of local GDP. It was found that during the most polluted days, the need for medical help for pneumonia conditions rose by 60%, and those for respiratory infections by 47% on average, while hospitalisations also increased.
In addition, around 60% of highly-skilled workers would consider moving abroad due to the level of air pollution in Sofia, while 20% believed that bad air quality negatively affected their productivity. The report estimated that the City of Sofia could save €3.75 billion if it reduced air pollution by 4% only on the most polluted days. Furthermore, the expected cost of not implementing an LEZ, so continuing ''Business as Usual'', would be around €15.8 billion between 2019-2024.
For more information on the costs associated with air pollution in Sofia, seethestudy.
You candownloadour complete Our World in Data CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions database.
In the selection box above you can also add or remove additional countries and they will appear on all of the charts on this page. This allows you to compare specific countries you might be interested in, and measure progress against others.
The data will continue to update – often on an annual basis – with the latest global and country emissions estimates.
Annual emissions figures are often used to compare countries'' contribution to climate change. But this metric often reflects differences in population size across the world.
To understand the ''footprint'' of the average person in a given country, this chart shows per capita emissions.
These figures reflect ''production-based'' emissions, so do not correct for traded goods.
This interactive chart shows how much carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced in a given year.
This interactive chart shows the year-on-year growth in annual CO2 emissions.
Year-to-year changes in emissions can vary a lot – this can create a particularly ''noisy'' time series.
When we only look at emissions produced today, we fail to recognise historical responsibility for emissions in recent decades or centuries.
This interactive chart shows cumulative CO2 emissions – the sum of emissions produced since 1751 to the given year. This allows us to understand how much of the total CO2 emissions to date has been emitted by a given country.
How do production- and trade-adjusted emissions compare?
When countries set targets, measure or compare CO2 emissions, they tend to focus on production-based emissions – CO2 emitted within a country''s own borders. However, this fails to capture emissions from traded goods – the CO2 emitted in the production of goods elsewhere, which are later imported (or the opposite: emissions from goods that are exported).
We can estimate consumption-based CO2 emissions by correcting for trade. These emissions are shown in the interactive chart. Note that the resolution of data needed to calculate this is not available for all countries.
→ We provide more detail on consumption-based emissions in our article ''How do CO2 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?''
Looking at a country''s annual emissions is useful, but it can be hard to put these numbers in context of the global total. Is 10 million tonnes of CO2 large or small; what about 100 million; or 1 billion tonnes?
This interactive chart shows annual emissions as a percentage of the global total in a given year.
Just as with annual emissions, simply presenting cumulative CO2 figures can be hard to contextualize. Has a given country''s contribution to the global total been large or small?
CO2 emissions are dominated by the burning of fossil fuels for energy production, and industrial production of materials such as cement.
What is the contribution of each fuel source to the country''s CO2 emissions?
This interactive chart shows the breakdown of annual CO2 emissions by source: either coal, oil, gas, cement production or gas flaring. This breakdown is strongly influenced by the energy mix of a given country, and changes as a country shifts to or from a given energy source.
This interactive chart shows the same data – CO2 emissions from coal, oil, gas, cement and flaring – but as individual lines to see clearly how each is changing over time.
In discussions on climate change, we tend to focus on carbon dioxide (CO2) – the most dominant greenhouse gas produced by the burning of fossil fuels, industrial production, and land use change.
But CO2is not the only greenhouse gas that is driving global climate change. There are a number of others – methane, nitrous oxide, and trace gases such as the group of ''F-gases'' – which have contributed a significant amount of warming to date.
The charts above focused on carbon dioxide (CO2). But CO2 is not the only greenhouse gas. Others, including methane and nitrous oxide, have also had a significant impact on global warming to date.
The first interactive chart shows per capita greenhouse gas emissions. This is measured as the sum of all greenhouse gases, and given by a metric called ''carbon dioxide equivalents''.
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