Tracking and understanding France''s electricity consumption . Track real-time
eCO 2 mix - All of France''s electricity data in real time; Download eCO2mix
Total electricity generation in France in 2022 was 445 TWh, a 15% decline
Tracking and understanding nation-wide and regional key figures. RTE provides
France''s power generation per energy source in values and percentages;
Find here the data on electricity generation in France, presented either in aggregate or in detail by generation type: nuclear, conventional thermal, hydro, solar, wind and renewable thermal. The graphs illustrate in particular the emergence of new production sectors in the energy mix, with the development of solar, onshore wind and offshore wind power production capacities.
The graph represents the evolution of France''s energy mix, with an annual and monthly view of electricity generation in France, overall and by technology.
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This graph represents the evolution of the French energy mix, with a view to the evolution of installed generation capacity in France, overall and by technology.
This map shows the distribution of the main electricity generation facilities in mainland France.
The map shows the capacity of nuclear, hydro, fossil-fired and renewable power generation facilities, aggregated by municipality. Only facilities with a capacity greater than 50MW are included.
This map shows the distribution of wind and solar photovoltaic power generation facilities in mainland France, aggregated by French department.
In its 2021 Country report on France, the International Energy Agency warned that the country is recording delays in terms of meetings its own energy and climate goals.[5] The IEA pointed to the rising level of carbon emissions due to the reliance on fossil fuels in transport in particular and to concerns related to the aging nuclear fleet.[1]
CO2 emissions:267.15 million tons
The electricity sector in France is dominated by nuclear power, which accounted for 72.3% of total production in 2016, while renewables and fossil fuels accounted for 17.8% and 8.6%, respectively.[7] France has the largest share of nuclear electricity in the world. The country is also among the world''s biggest net exporters of electricity. The French nuclear power sector is almost entirely owned by the French government and the degree of the government subsidy is difficult to ascertain because of a lack of transparency.[8]
In 2010, as part of the progressive liberalisation of the energy market under EU directives, France agreed the Accès régulé à l''électricité nucléaire historique (ARENH) regulations that allowed third party suppliers access up to about a quarter of France''s pre-2011 nuclear generation capacity, at a fixed price of €42/MWh from 1 July 2011 until 31 December 2025.[9][10][11]
France uses nuclear to produce around 70% of its electricity needs from 56 active reactors in 2023. A 2014 plan to reduce the nuclear supply was reversed in 2019 and in 2022 plans to build six new reactors were announced.[12]
France has 20 GW of installed capacity and supplies around 10% of France''s electricity needs.[13]
Renewable energy includes wind, solar, biomass and geothermal energy sources.
In 2009 a target for 2020 was set of 23% of all energy used would be renewable energy, this was not met as only 19.1% was achieved. France was refusing to pay the possible €500 million penalty fine.[14]
With growing installed wind and solar power capacity, on top of preexisting hydroelectric facilities, renewable energy rose to provide 26% of France''s national electricity consumption in 2022.[15]
Government policy aims to increase renewable energy use; in 2015, the French parliament passed a comprehensive energy and climate law that includes a mandatory renewable energy target requiring 40% of national electricity production to come from renewable sources by 2030.[16]
In 2022 around 15.8 GW of Solar capacity was in operation, short of the 2023 target of 20 GW.[17]
An ambitious target of 50 offshore wind farms with a capacity of 40 GW by 2050 has been set by the government, the first farm near St Nazaire came online in 2022, with the fourth offshore wind farm approved in March 2023, a 1 GW farm of 47, 300m tall, turbines off Normandy called Centre Manche 1, scheduled to come online in 2031.[18]
Biomass provides around 2% of electricity capacity.
Électricité de France (EDF) is the main electricity generation and distribution company in France. It was founded on 8 April 1946 as a result of the nationalisation of a number of electricity producers, transporters and distributors by the Communist Minister of Industrial Production Marcel Paul. Until 19 November 2004 it was a government corporation, but it is now a limited-liability corporation under private law (société anonyme). The French government partially floated shares of the company on the Paris Stock Exchange in November 2005,[19] although it retained almost 85% ownership at the end of 2007.[20]
EDF held a monopoly in the distribution, but not the production, of electricity in France until 1999, when the first European Union directive to harmonize regulation of electricity markets was implemented.[21]
EDF is one of the world''s largest producers of electricity. In 2003, it produced 22% of the European Union''s electricity, primarily from nuclear power:
A report was published in 2011 by the World Energy Council in association with Oliver Wyman, entitled Policies for the future: 2011 Assessment of country energy and climate policies, which ranks country performance according to an energy sustainability index.[22] The best performers were Switzerland, Sweden, and France.
In 2009, France detailed a carbon tax with a levy on oil, gas, and coal consumption by households and businesses that was supposed to come into effect on 1 January 2010. The tax would affect households and businesses, which would have raised the cost of a litre of unleaded fuel by about four euro cents (25 US cents per gallon). The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between €3 and 4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent from households and 45 percent from businesses.[23] The tax would not have applied to electricity, which in France comes mostly from nuclear power.[24]
In 2014, a carbon tax was implemented. Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced the new Climate Energy Contribution (CEC) on 21 September 2013. The tax would apply at a rate of €7/tonne CO2 in 2014, €14.50 in 2015 and rising to €22 in 2016.[29] As of 2018, the carbon tax was at €44.60/tonne.[30] and was due to increase every year to reach €65.40/tonne in 2020 and €86.20/tonne in 2022.[31]
After weeks of protests by the "Gilets Jaunes" (yellow vests) against the rise of gas prices, French President Emmanuel Macron announced on 4 December 2018, the tax would not be increased in 2019 as planned.[32]
Petroleum products accounted for 28.1% of energy use in France in 2022, having dropped from 37% in 1990 and 66% in the 1970''s.[33]
The year 2022 was marked by three independent and simultaneous energy crises that, combined, placed the French power system under strain: threats to gas supply following Russia''s invasion of Ukraine, leading to a surge in prices; a crisis in French nuclear power generation (at its lowest since 1988); and a hydropower generation crisis due to low rainfall (at its lowest since 1976). Despite this very unfavourable context, the French power system showed resilience and managed to avert supply disruption. This can be attributed to the decrease in electricity consumption within France and neighbouring countries, well-functioning exchanges with neighbouring countries in accordance with the rules of operation of the European common market, and the securement of gas supplies.
During 2023, the determinants of security of supply returned to a more favourable situation:
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