Britannica : Encyclopedia article about steam turbine
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The speed of the steam turbine is directly proportional to the output power. Therefore, the steam turbines must work at the highest speed if you want to achieve the highest output. The wheel turbines can''t rotate at high speed like a steam turbine.
These turbines have many advantages over other types of turbines such as steam turbines produce inexpensive electricity, and steam energy doesn''t pollute the environment.
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During the working of a steam turbine, first of all, water from an external source (such as a river, sea or canal) is transferred into the boiler section with the help of a pump. The boiler boils the water to a very high temperature so that water can convert it into supersaturated steam.
Read Also: Working of Gas TurbineTypes of Steam Turbines
There are multiple types of steam turbines designed according to their different operations and their industrial importance. The types of steam turbines are given below:
ii) Back Pressure Steam Turbine
In this turbine, the steam in the turbine doesn''t expand completely. After partial use of the steam thermal energy inside the turbine, all of the steam is released at a specific temperature and pressure.
The steam parameters at the discharge are determined according to the process requirements.
iii) Extraction Cum Condensing Turbine
The extraction cum condensing turbine has two inlet valves. The first stage of the turbine is known as the "High Pressure (HP) stage," and the second stage is known as the "Low Pressure (LP) stage."
Read Also: Working of Turbofan Engine2) Types According to Heat Drop Process
In this category, steam turbines have the following types:i) Condensing turbine with generator
In this type of turbine, steam is sent to the condenser chamber at a pressure below than the atmospheric pressure.
In this turbine, the steam is discharged from the intermediate stage and used to heat the feed water. The exhaust steam''s latent heat during the condensation process is dropped completely.
3) Types according to the steam conditions at the turbine inlet
The steam turbine has the following types in this category: i) Supercritical Pressure Turbines
These turbines use steam with a pressure greater than 225 atm.
ii) Ultra-high Pressure Turbine
It uses a temperature of 550° C or more and a steam pressure of 170 atm or more.
iii) High-Pressure Turbine
It uses steam with pressures of more than 40 atm.iv) Medium Pressure Turbine
These turbines consume up to 40 atm of steam pressure. v) Low-Pressure Turbines
These types of steam turbines use steam with a pressure of 1.2 atm to 2 atm.4) Types according to industrial use
According to the industrial applications, the steam turbine has the following types.
According to the design of blades, steam turbines divide into two main types.
i) Reaction Turbine
In the reaction turbine, the steam flows through the blades. Then, it expands on both the moving blades and fixed blades of the turbine. Moving and fixed blades have a continuous pressure drop.
Reaction turbines are a little bit dissimilar from impulse turbines, which consist of fixed nozzles and moving blades. As compared to impulse turbines, reaction turbines have a lower pressure drop per stage. A reaction turbine is generally more efficient.
An example of a reaction turbine is a Parson''s turbine. The reaction turbine requires twice as many rows of blades as the impulse turbine for the conversion of the same heat energy.
Read More: Read Turbine Working and Typesii) Impulse Turbine
It is one of the most famous types of steam turbines. In the case of an impulse turbine, the steam exits the fixed nozzles at a very high speed and hits the fixed vanes around the rotor.
The blade deflects the steam flow deflection without changing the pressure. The shaft of the turbine rotates due to the changes in impulse.
In these turbines, steam which is injected at a very high speed from a fixed nozzle hits the blades attached to the rotor. The blade changes the path of the steam flow without varying the steam pressure.
Read More: Impulse Turbine Working and TypesComponents of a Steam Turbine
The steam turbine has the following major parts:HousingRotor bladesRotorGovernorTurning GearsSentinel Valve Nozzle ring and reversing blade assembly
Labyrinth Seal1) Housing
The housing bears all low-weight and high-weight operating loads. The rotor, blades, governor, and many other internal components are installed inside the turbine housing.
CHP Electrical Efficiency:- It is a ratio between the net electricity generated and the total fuel in the boiler. The following equation uses to calculate it:
CHP electrical efficiency = Net electricity generated/Total fuel into the boiler
In 1884, the first steam turbine was discovered by Sir Charles A. Parsons.
Steam turbines are mainly used to generate electricity in thermal power plants, where they transform the thermal energy of the high-pressure steam into mechanical work and drive a generator to generate electricity. These are also used in the cogeneration system that produces both useful heat and electricity, as well as in different industrial processes demanding mechanical power, such as in the pulp and paper, chemical, and oil and gas industries.
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The steam turbine has been a crucial component in processes related to the generation of energy. As society is more and more involved in looking at how energy is created and the sustainability and efficiency of the process, addressing the question of ''what is a steam turbine'' and how this technology can be improved becomes essential.
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