Base load power sources are those facilities that run nonstop to satisfy the bare minimum of power demand. Large-scale base load facilities are essential to an effective electric system and are frequently used. Base load facilities are not intended to respond to peak needs or crises; instead, they continuously supply power. Renewable and non-renewable resources may both be used in the base load power generation.
The base load is the minimal amount of electricity needed during a 24-hour period. Power must be supplied to components that are always in operation (also referred to as continuous load). High demand is experienced during peak load.
These increasing demands frequently only last for a short time. Peak demand can be thought of mathematically as the difference between base demand and greatest demand. The microwave, toaster, and television are examples of household loads that experience peak demand, whereas the refrigerator and HVAC systems experience base demand.
Coal and nuclear fuels are examples of non-renewable resources (fossil fuels). Hydropower, geothermal heat, biomass, biogas, and solar thermal resource with associated energy storage are examples of renewable resources.
What are the challenges posed by renewable energy in terms of power demand?
The power demand often fluctuates cyclically from day to day, peaking during business hours and tumbling to its lowest point during late night and early morning, but never falling below a specific threshold.
Base load was considered when determining how to create the energy needed by people back when electric power systems were being designed. The time it takes to start and stop conventional generation systems varies. Generators that are powered by gas or oil may be turned on in a matter of minutes. However, starting or stopping a coal-fired power plant takes a day, whereas nuclear power plants require a week or longer.
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The straightforward approach was to use the quickest systems (hydro, gas) for varying loads and the cheapest generation (coal, nuclear, etc.) for the base load. But there was no real reason to do that. Just the accountants were kept content.
The year 2016 and renewable energy follow. Now, in addition to the problem of numerous renewables producing surges of supply, we also face the problem of the entire nation wanting a cup of coffee, resulting in surges of demand.
However, the remedy is the same: while the Sun is shining, put the generators in reserve and burn fossil fuels to make up the difference when the clouds cover the Sun. It still saves a lot of fuel compared to not using the Sun, and the solar farms may be providing base load during times when the Sun shines.
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Base load, peak load and medium load play an important role in power generation. What is the base load? Base load refers to the amount of electricity - or electrical power - generated that is needed during the course of the day. The terms medium and peak load, on the other hand, refer to the power that is produced in addition to this, but is not needed all the time.[1]
Power plants that generate the base load and feed it into the power grid are also called base-load power plants. The power plants for generating the base load are in operation almost 24 hours a day. In Germany, most of them are lignite-fired, nuclear or hydroelectric power plants.
But where does the base load actually come from? The base load is mainly generated by consumers that are in use around the clock - for example, refrigerators or standby devices. However, there are also devices and systems outside of private households that are constantly in operation and thus increase the base load, for example the railroad or production facilities in factories. For Germany as a whole, the base load amounts to around 45 gigawatts per year.
We speak of medium and peak load when there is an increased demand for electricity during the course of the day. Thus, consumption exceeds the base load, especially in the morning and evening, but also at midday. If the base load, medium load and peak load are added together, they result in the total amount of electricity consumption.[2]
Private households have various methods of calculating their own base load for electricity and home. Most network operators now offer their customers the installation of so-called "SmartMeters," digital electricity meters that make it very easy to track electricity consumption and thus the base load. Those who want to save the cost of the modern electricity meter can resort to alternative solutions for calculating the base load energy.
Probably the most obvious way to find out your base load for electricity is to monitor your own electricity meter. All you have to do is read the meter twice: once in the evening before you go to bed and once the next morning. The consumption can then be calculated in kilowatt hours using the following formula:
Meter reading in the morning - Meter reading in the evening = consumption
Then the calculated consumption is divided by the number of hours that have passed between the readings. The result is the base load for the household. For example:
The second method of calculating the base load requires the presence of a measuring socket. This is placed between the socket and the device and thus measures its current consumption, i.e. the base load. Caution: After placing the measuring socket, you should wait a short time before reading the value. Why? Most devices consume more power directly after startup than in continuous operation.
The disadvantage of the metering socket for measuring the base load is that you have to measure the consumption of each device individually. Therefore, to determine the base load, you need to go from device to device and add up all the values at the end. In addition, the socket cannot be used for all appliances. For example, it is not suitable for central heating, which is directly connected to the power grid.[3]
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