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emissions from renewable power is calculated as renewable generation
Renewables are an increasingly important source of energy as countries seek to reduce their CO2 emissions and dependence on imported fossil fuels. Renewables are mainly used to generate electricity, though renewable technologies can also be used for heating in homes and buildings. Renewable biofuels are also an emerging technology solution to decarbonise parts of the transport sector.
Note thatmodern renewablesexcludes traditional uses of biomass, such as burning collected wood, agricultural byproducts or dung for cooking or heating. This has serious negative consequences on health and the environment, including contributing to millions of deaths annually from air pollution, and is targeted for phase-out in international development and climate goals and in the IEA''s Net Zero scenario.
Biofuels, mostly made from plants, and waste products, such as household trash and industrial wastes, can be burned to generate electricity or heat. This can have environmental and climate advantages compared to burning fossil fuels, though the impact varies widely depending on the fuel source and how it is used. Traditional uses of biomass for heating and cooking, which remain a major source of energy in many developing countries, are targeted for phase-out in international climate goals and IEA scenarios.
Biofuels are used in all parts of the energy system: as replacement for oil-based fuels in transportation, to generate electricity, for heating buildings, or to provide heat for industrial processes.
Renewables such as solar panels, wind turbines and hydroelectric dams generate electricity without burning fuels that emit greenhouse gases and other pollutants. As the costs of solar panels and wind turbines have fallen dramatically in recent years, renewables now represent the cheapest source of new electricity generation in many parts of the world.
Renewables also have an important role in providing heat for buildings and industrial processes. To achieve decarbonisation and energy saving objectives, many countries are encouraging individual homes and buildings to shift from fossil fuel heating systems such as gas- or oil-fired boilers to systems like heat pumps which are much more efficient and can be powered with electricity from low-carbon sources. However, in areas that rely on heating from centralised heat plants or combined heat and power (CHP) plants, burning biofuels and waste products can provide a lower-carbon alternative to fossil fuels. Geothermal heating can also provide renewable, low-carbon heat but is only feasible in specific locations with the right kind of volcanic or tectonic activity.
Renewable heat sources have made fewer inroads in industry, as many important industrial processes such as steelmaking require higher heat than renewable fuels can achieve. New techniques and technologies will be needed to decarbonise these areas.
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Save to read list Published by Sarah Smith, Assistant Editor Energy Global,
Diversifying the energy mix by tapping into abundant solar and wind resources, and establishing clear guidelines to increase the application of renewables across all end-use sectors can improve energy security, support economic growth, and enhance climate resilience in Paraguay, according to a new report published by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
IRENA’s Renewables Readiness Assessment: Paraguay, developed in close co-operation with the Ministry of Public Works and Communications in Paraguay, offers policy and regulatory recommendations that support the achievement of Paraguay’s energy targets under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). The country’s recently updated NDC ratifies a commitment to emission reductions by 20% by 2030 and highlights alternative energy as a primary driver.
“Paraguay’s climate commitments are reflected in the guidelines provided by the 2040 Energy Policy of the Republic of Paraguay, which aims to promote the use of alternative energy sources, encouraging energy projects to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change,” said H.E. Arnoldo Wiens Durksen, Minister of Public Works and Communications of Paraguay. “We express our gratitude to IRENA for this assessment which will lay the foundation to making necessary adjustments and further promote the optimal exploitation of Paraguay’s renewable resources.”
According to IRENA, long, dry periods increasingly threaten energy security and impact national income from electricity exports. Paraguay is a net energy exporter with hydro and biomass resources contributing 82% of the country’s final energy supply over the last decade. Yet a growing economy coupled with increasing energy demand particularly in the transport sector, has encouraged the uptake of fossil fuels, prompting a holistic assessment of the country’s future energy.
“The Republic of Paraguay is a true regional leader in the use of renewable energy, with tremendous capabilities in hydropower – one of the most important renewable energy sources in Latin America” said IRENA Director-General Francesco La Camera. “But with the share of fossil fuels in Paraguay’s energy mix growing and climate change bringing uncertainty to the reliability of its current hydropower fleet, the country has a tremendous opportunity to create an enabling environment for the realisation of a more balanced, low-carbon energy future that supports both its economic and its climate objectives.”
Paraguay’s ambition to become a green hydrogen producer and regional exporter is also a key motivating factor for its pursuit of higher shares of renewables. In June 2021, the Government of Paraguay and the International Development Bank developed a roadmap for the use of green hydrogen in the country.
The Renewables Readiness Assessment identifies high solar energy potential throughout Paraguay which can help decarbonise end-use sectors, including transport, and energise isolated areas of the country, particularly in Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, and Concepción. The report also highlights Paraguay’s wind potential, identified as medium to high quality, which was found to be particularly concentrated in the north-western region, specifically in the department of Boquerón.
Creating an autonomous energy committee that includes representatives from key energy institutions in the country will be important to ensure key energy policy implementation and enhance the governance of energy institutions in Paraguay, according to the report. The committee would include members of parliament, legislators, and representatives from judicial institutions and industrial associations.
The report also recommends updating strategic and regulatory frameworks in Paraguay to accelerate progress, highlighting the importance of long-term planning and the establishment of clear targets, goals, and budgets aligned with the strategy.
Renewables Readiness Assessment: Paraguay identifies 15 specific actions that could significantly accelerate the adoption of renewable energy in Paraguay around the following six key areas:
The Summer issue of Energy Global features a varied spectrum of in-depth technical articles detailing recent projects, future projections, and technological advancements in the renewables sector, from companies including CEWEP, Enel Green Power, Turboden S.p.A., Cornwall Insight, and more.
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RALEIGH, North Carolina — Paraguay is one of only two landlocked countries in South America. Adding to this misfortune is the fact that it does not have much by the way of mineral or oil reserves. But, there is one natural resource that the nation has an abundance of — hydroelectric power potential. In fact, Paraguay has long produced more than enough hydroelectric power for its own needs, exporting the remainder to neighbors Brazil and Argentina. In 2019, Paraguay''s generated 6% of its GDP from the exportation of 64% of its power production. Renewable energy in Paraguay has the potential to transform the nation.
Renewable energy in Paraguay centers around three large hydroelectric power plants: Itaipú, Yacyretá and Acaray. Itaipú began operating in 1984 as not just the largest of the three plants but one of the largest power plants in the world, both physically and in terms of power capacity. The dam, which sits on the Brazil-Paraguay border spanning the Paraná River, even set the record for power output in a single year, generating 103,098,366 MWh in 2016.
The Itaipú Dam is a joint venture between Paraguay and Brazil. The two countries jointly own and manage the dam, and from the beginning, it was clear that Paraguay''s share of power production would far exceed its need. Paraguay, therefore, signed a 50-year agreement under the 1973 Treaty of Itaipú to sell its excess power to Brazil. Paraguay eventually came to believe that the agreement was unfair. The agreement was renegotiated in 2009 to give Paraguay more favorable terms.
Itaipú alone represents 79% of the total power capacity of Paraguay. On the whole, hydroelectric power constitutes 99.5% of Paraguay''s power capacity. This makes renewable energy in Paraguay a standout globally. Not only is Paraguay able to generate all its electricity needs from renewable energy but almost all of it stems from a singular source of energy, hydroelectric power. As remarkable is the fact that Paraguay has an undeveloped hydrologic capacity that the nation can use to meet its growing energy needs in the future. Between 2001-2019, Paraguay’s total “electricity consumption grew 15.8% annually.”
Recent extended dry periods — the result, many believe, due to changes in the climate — make clear that an overdependence on hydroelectric power could be risky. The country plans to utilize a mix of renewable energy sources going forward to diversify its energy mix and increase its energy security. While scarcely existent today, Paraguay hopes to develop more solar and wind power projects in the future.
The country also has a sizable biofuels industry that produces about 7% of its road transport energy needs in the form of ethanol and biodiesel. A clear upside to this industry is that it employs many farmers (corn, sugarcane and soybean) and plant workers. However, some dispute whether these fuel sources are indeed sustainable and environmentally friendly.
Renewable energy in Paraguay is so abundant that the nation has nearly realized U.N. Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) — ensuring “access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all." Recording 99.95% electricity access at the close of 2019, Paraguay enjoys nearly universal access to electricity. In some remote locations, including the Chaco region of the country, inhabited by Indigenous Paraguayans, Paraguay utilizes solar plants to meet electricity needs.
Additionally, thanks to an overabundance of hydroelectric power in combination with subsidies for low-volume energy users (0-300 kWh per month), citizens of Paraguay also enjoyed the most affordable power rates in Latin America in 2018.
In Paraguay, even though most households have access to electricity, many do not have the means to cook with electricity (or with gas), and instead, must use wood or charcoal for cooking. When used indoors, these heat sources present health risks. They also often result in women and kids spending much of their time gathering these resources. This makes clear that merely having access to electricity is not enough to break the cycle of poverty. People also need electric tools and appliances to help them utilize electricity in a manner that betters their lives.
Renewable energy in Paraguay brings the nation closer to achieving not just SDG 7 but also SDG 5 — gender equality. Electricity access frees up significant time for girls and women. Instead of spending hours each day collecting fuel and building fires, females can allocate this time toward more productive activities, such as paid employment and education, enabling them to move out of the depths of poverty.
– Jeramiah JodanPhoto: Flickr
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