Electrical engineering has a reputation for being mysterious, which is why the term "magic smoke" became a running inside joke among electrical engineers and technicians. However, a working knowledge of electrical engineering principles can be incredibly useful even if you're not an electrical engin Contact online >>
Electrical engineering has a reputation for being mysterious, which is why the term "magic smoke" became a running inside joke among electrical engineers and technicians. However, a working knowledge of electrical engineering principles can be incredibly useful even if you''re not an electrical engineer—especially if you have to work with one!
With that in mind, this article covers a core concept in electrical engineering: three-phase electric power. We''ll start with the basics and work our way up, with the goal that by the end of this article, the magic smoke won''t seem quite so magical.
This phenomenon was initially described by Michael Faraday. If a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field (as indicated in the picture below) the induced electromagnetic force (EMF), i.e. voltage, appears at its opposite end. An electric current flows when the loop made of the conductor circuit is closed, provided the conductor placed in the varying magnetic field is traversed by magnetic field lines.
Alternating Current and Electromagnetic Induction
Alternating current (AC) has a sinusoidal shape and changes its direction and amplitude alternately. AC current is generated by an electrical AC generator operating on the electromagnetic induction (EMI) principle. Hence, the electrical generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Its basic parts are a stator and a rotor. The latter represents the magnetic field source while the former contains the conductor where the EMF is induced (generally the conductor is in the form of a coiled wire).
The generator consists of the source of a varying magnetic field (a magnet or electromagnet) and the conductor traversed by magnetic field lines. The electromagnet is a ferromagnet (iron) wound by coil (conductor). The iron becomes the magnet (creates the magnetic field) when an electrical current flows through the coil. Electromagnets are the most commonly used magnetic field source because of their particular advantages in this application (e.g., magnetic strength control, greater magnet power, etc.).
The induced voltage value at the ends of the stator conductors depends on the magnetic field strength (which is proportional to the number of magnetic field lines per unit area), the rate of magnetic field change (the rotating speed of the magnet or conductor) and the angle at which magnetic field lines traverse through the conductor.
In practice, the coil (conductor with more turns) is used instead of a basic conductor in order to achieve a higher EMF value. The EMF value is directly proportional to the number of coil turns N. For example, in the case of a coil with 100 turns, the induced EMF will be 100 times higher than one in a single piece of conductor.
The rotor (magnet) rotates in a magnetic field, making a full 360˚ in a period of time (t). The period t is inversely proportional to the frequency, i.e., t = 1/f. The United States uses a 60-Hz AC system (t = 1/f = 16.67 ms), while Europe uses a 50-Hz system (t = 1/f = 20 ms). This means that a rotor in a 60-Hz generator covers a full 360˚ rotation in 16.67 ms.
The induced voltage, as well as the current drawn from the generator, has a sinusoidal shape, as shown above as a result of the generator construction and working principle. The magnetic field lines pass through the coils at a different angle when the rotor (magnet) rotates. Thus, when the rotor is shifting, a different EMF value is induced in the coil (as indicated by the sinusoidal-shaped amplitude in the image above).
The rotor magnet has two poles, north (N) and south (S). When the rotor (magnet) rotates, the opposite magnet poles pass by the coil in each half cycle (180˚), inducing an EMF with reversing polarity. The reversing voltage polarity causes a reversing current direction (i.e., alternating current).
A generator can be manufactured with a different number of the coils placed in the stator. One coil in the stator forms a single-phase generator, while several coils make up a multiphase generator. An EMF with equal amplitude is induced in each coil.
The general advantages of a multiphase generator over a single-phase generator with equal power is that the former is smaller, lighter and less expensive. Basically the only physical difference between a single generator and a multiphase generator is the additional coils with accompanying parts in the stator. Each phase generates approximately equal amounts of energy. The generated energy will be multiplied with the number of phases (i.e., installed coils in the generator).
When compared to a single-phase system, a two-phase system requires more wires and thicker conductors but without any additional benefits, which is why it''s not popular in practice.
The diagram above illustrates a three-phase generator. The stator has three coils (11′, 22′, 33′), and the rotor can be either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. It rotates via an external force, whether that''s water in a hydro turbine, steam in a power plant, wind in a wind turbine, etc.
The magnetic field rotates together with the rotor magnet. The EMF induced in each stator coil has the same amplitude and frequency (phase shifted for 120°).
Those three induced EMFs represent the three phases, and the time displacement between them (2π/3) is a phase shift or phase displacement. The reason for shifting the phases is spatial displacement coils in the stator: The coils are physically shifted 120˚ from each other. Basically, the generator construction and its working principle define the shape and the induced voltage value. The common rotor rotates with equal speed, and thus the frequency values of all induced voltages are equal as well.
It is necessary for all three induced EMFs to be even, with equal phase displacement between them. This represents the symmetrical three-phase system.
The sum of the instantaneous voltage values in a symmetrical three-phase system is equal to zero.
A three-phase system is symmetrical if and only if:
In the case of symmetrical three-phase systems, the current does not flow through a common neutral line.
Nowadays, the three-phase system serves as the basis of most electrical systems, which consist of energy generation, transmission and consumption. This is one of the most important innovations contributed by Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) because it enabled more efficient and simplified energy generation and transmission.
Increasing the power value of the electrical transmission system requires increasing the number of transmission lines (conductors), thus adding to the total cost.
Let''s assume we want 3 times more power transmitted in the system. The diagram below shows three single-phase systems (three generators isolated from each other). This system requires the six lines between the electrical generator and consumer, with each conductor carrying the total current value.
The triple total power value is transmitted with only three or four lines, depending on whether the three-phase system is connected with or without a neutral line. The neutral line carries the current, which is a result of the unbalanced three-phase system, i.e., the current value''s difference between phases. The current through the neutral line is usually low (lower than the line''s current value), and the cross-section of the neutral line can be thinner.
Whereas the diagram above shows a case of three single-phase systems in which six lines are needed to carry the power, the one below illustrates the three-phase system in which only three lines are necessary for the same total power.
You can see in the diagram above that a three-phase generator can be connected in different ways. The generator coils can be connected in a star (YN) or delta (D) connection. The former connection is the most commonly used connection for stator coils.
The star connection is formed when the ends of all three stator coils connect in one point (the star point), which is usually grounded. The neutral line can be linked to the star point, but this is not mandatory. The lines connected to the other ends of stator coils are the phase lines (known as phases). The image below shows the stator windings terminals where the star connection is performed.
A delta connection is formed by connecting the end of one coil to the start of another. Three coils linked in this way form the delta connection.
In case of a YN three-phase system, two voltages are available to consumers: line and phase voltage. The consumer is supplied from the line voltage (U12, U23, U13) when it is connected between any two phases, as shown below. Otherwise, if the consumer is supplied from the phase voltage (U1, U2, U3), it is connected between any phase and neutral connection. The line voltage is always times higher than phase voltage value.
An electrical system is comprised of three main parts: energy generation, energy transmission and energy consumers. The consumers are the loads connected to the electrical system. One of the advantages of a three-phase system is that it can supply both single-phase and three-phase loads. The latter can be connected in a star (YN) or delta (D) connection. The diagram below showcases different variations of load connected to the three-phase system.
Basically any electrical generator can operate as an electric motor because its construction and working principle are the same. The working principle is based on the mutual induction between stator and rotor windings. The main difference is that the generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy while the motor converts it inversely.
There are two main types of AC motors: asynchronous and synchronous motors.
An asynchronous motor—also known as an induction motor—is the most commonly used motor in practice.
About 3 phase power supply connection
As the photovoltaic (PV) industry continues to evolve, advancements in 3 phase power supply connection have become critical to optimizing the utilization of renewable energy sources. From innovative battery technologies to intelligent energy management systems, these solutions are transforming the way we store and distribute solar-generated electricity.
When you're looking for the latest and most efficient 3 phase power supply connection for your PV project, our website offers a comprehensive selection of cutting-edge products designed to meet your specific requirements. Whether you're a renewable energy developer, utility company, or commercial enterprise looking to reduce your carbon footprint, we have the solutions to help you harness the full potential of solar energy.
By interacting with our online customer service, you'll gain a deep understanding of the various 3 phase power supply connection featured in our extensive catalog, such as high-efficiency storage batteries and intelligent energy management systems, and how they work together to provide a stable and reliable power supply for your PV projects.
