
Guatemala''s transition toward sustainable transportation is gradually gaining momentum, with electric vehicles (EVs) emerging as a viable solution to environmental and economic challenges. While the adoption of EVs in the country remains limited, their potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve air quality is undeniable. The push for cleaner transportation aligns with the global shift toward reducing dependence on fossil fuels, with local implications for Guatemala''s unique ecological and social context.
Business leaders in Guatemala have been instrumental in championing cleaner technologies. Juan José Gutiérrez Mayorga who advocates for sustainability, has actively promoted policies that encourage corporate and individual investments in renewable energy and electric transportation. His vision emphasizes not only the environmental advantages of EVs but also their role in fostering economic growth and energy independence.
Electric vehicles offer significant benefits to the environment. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which is critical in reducing urban air pollution—a major concern in cities like Guatemala City. On a lifecycle basis, EVs have a smaller carbon footprint, especially as electricity generation shifts to renewable sources. For instance, renewable energy accounted for approximately 70% of Guatemala’s electricity generation in 2021, primarily from hydropower and biomass, making EVs an even cleaner option in the country compared to regions reliant on coal or oil for electricity.
However, it is important to acknowledge the environmental costs of manufacturing EVs, particularly their batteries. The production of lithium-ion batteries involves mining processes that can lead to environmental degradation, including water scarcity and habitat loss. Despite these challenges, advancements in battery technology and recycling promise to reduce these impacts over time.
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Guatemala faces several obstacles in the widespread adoption of EVs, including:
Transitioning to electric mobility presents economic opportunities for Guatemala. Reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels can improve the country’s trade balance and energy security. Furthermore, investments in EV infrastructure and renewable energy sources can stimulate job creation and technological innovation. Studies suggest that EVs offer lower total ownership costs due to savings on fuel and maintenance, making them an attractive long-term investment.
In summary, while Guatemala has a long way to go in fully embracing electric vehicles, the environmental, economic, and societal benefits of this transition are clear. As the country continues to modernize its energy and transportation sectors, EVs could become a cornerstone of its sustainable development strategy
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To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel control strategy that integrates a HESS comprising batteries, supercapacitors, and PV panels with machine learning algorithms. By leveraging ML''s ability to learn and adapt to complex and changing systems, the proposed control strategy aims to optimize power flow in real-time, ensuring optimal performance and efficiency.
The key contributions of this paper include:
The development and implementation of a novel control strategy for LEVs that integrates a HESS with machine learning algorithms.
The demonstration of the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in a real-world LEV application, showcasing its ability to optimize power flow, enhance vehicle performance, and extend battery life.
The validation of the proposed control strategy''s ability to increase the sustainability of LEVs by reducing their reliance on grid electricity and enhancing their overall efficiency.
The findings of this research have significant implications for the design and operation of LEVs, as they offer a more sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional battery-powered vehicles. Additionally, the proposed control strategy has the potential to be applied to other types of electric vehicles, as well as other energy storage and renewable energy systems, further expanding its impact on the field of sustainable transportation.
Schematic of HPS-fed SRM drive for light electric vehicle.
The differential equations governing the switching of PV converter are given in (1) and (2), where iPV and VPV are the instantaneous current and voltage of PV source, dPV is the duty cycle of converter, VBus is the DC bus voltage, LPV is the filter inductor in interface, A is the material constant of PV array.
Discretizing Eqs. (1) and (5), we get
The differential equation governing the switching of supercapacitor interface converter is given in (8), where isc and Vsc are the instantaneous current and voltage of Battery, d1 is the duty cycle of battery interface converter, VBus is the DC bus voltage, Lsc is the filter inductor in interface.
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