Total energy supply (TES) includes all the energy produced in or imported to a country, minus that which is exported or stored. It represents all the energy required to supply end users in the country. Some of these energy sources are used directly while most are transformed into fuels or electricity for final consumption.
Energy production includes any fossil fuels drilled and mined, which can be burned to produce electricity or used as fuels, as well as energy produced by nuclear fission and renewable power sources such as hydro, wind and solar PV. Bioenergy - which here includes both modern and traditional sources, including the burning of municipal waste - is also an important domestic energy source in many countries.
Imports, particularly of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal, make up an important part of the energy supply in many countries. Countries that rely heavily on imported energy may be vulnerable to supply disruption from external events such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. In countries that export large amounts of energy, falling energy prices can also cause major economic shocks.
Energy sources, particularly fossil fuels, are often transformed into more useful or practical forms before being used. For example, crude oil is refined into many different kinds of fuels and products, while coal, oil and natural gas can be burned to generate electricity and heat. Other forms of transformation, such as extracting gas or oil from coal, play a relatively minor role in the energy systems of most countries.
One of the most important types of transformation for the energy system is the refining of crude oil into oil products, such as the fuels that power automobiles, ships and planes.
Another important form of transformation is the generation of electricity. Thermal power plants generate electricity by harnessing the heat of burning fuels or nuclear reactions – during which up to half of their energy content is lost. Renewable power sources generate electricity directly from natural forces such as the sun, wind, or the movement of water.
Total final consumption (TFC) is the energy consumed by end users such as individuals and businesses to heat and cool buildings, to run lights, devices, and appliances, and to power vehicles, machines and factories. It also includes non-energy uses of energy products, such as fossil fuels used to make chemicals.
Some of the energy found in primary sources is lost when converting them to useable final products, especially electricity. As a result, the breakdown of final consumption can look very different from that of the primary energy supply (TES). Both are needed to fully understand the energy system.
The sectoral breakdown of a country''s energy demand, which is based on its economy, geography and history, can greatly impact its energy needs and which energy sources it relies on to meet those needs – such as fueling automobiles, heating or cooling homes or running factories.
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Geodata journalism. Mapping stories on water issues in the Nile Basin.
When I watched the CNN news Last December, with the title "Climate Change could Render Sudan Inhabitable" [1], it was not a surprise for me. Sudan, being one of the least developed countries is extremely vulnerable to climate change. This predominately results from climatic and non-climatic factors, in addition to civil wars and conflicts, weak infrastructure and limited access to markets which have aggravated the negative impacts of climate change and therefore, weakened people''s ability of adaptation to climate change.
Non-climatic factors that contribute to vulnerability of communities in different parts of Sudan include unsustainable management of natural resources and socio-economic factors such as: poverty, lack of income diversity, unequal distribution of income and population growth.
During the last two decades, rainfall in the whole country has significantly decreased compared to 1971 – 2000 rates, this decrease in rainfall resulted in droughts threatening about 19 million hectares of rain-fed mechanized and traditional farms. These droughts resulted in many negative social and economic effects, such as: internal migration and feed-stock fatalities. The average annual temperature in Sudan lies between 26° to 32° and in some places, it reaches 47° which causes a lot of heat-related diseases. [2]
Currently, more than 70% of the population is living in rural areas [3], and depends mainly on natural resources that are extremely sensitive to climate change. Food security which is mainly determined by rainfall rates in these areas, has become variable and increasingly unpredictable
Regarding the Sudanese energy profile, Biomass presently provides up to 61% of Sudan''s Energy requirements. This is mostly as a source of heat energy, but also increasingly providing a growing production of electricity and transport biofuels. It''s clear that there is a scope to increase the production of all three forms of energy (heat energy, electricity, and transport fuels) from various types of sustainable-sourced forms of biomass that are economically available in Sudan. However, while biomass (as wood and charcoal) is used to provide energy for cooking and industrial heat, it is still largely used in less efficient ways to convert into utilized energy, thus, negatively contributing in the deforestation and degradation of natural resources [4].
At the same time, Sudan is facing a sudden change in the outlook for its transport fuels sector following the secession of Southern Sudan in 2011, along with the most of productive oil fields. The challenges of maintaining adequate supplies and availability of diesel and cooking gas (LPG) in rural areas are increasing in this context, as Sudan''s potential for alternative supply development of transport fuel and cooking fuel for rural areas, needs to be reviewed. The potential for use of appropriate technologies needs to be assessed and thoroughly researched before any process is funded to go into commercial production [4].
Electricity generation is provided by a mix of hydro-power and Thermal generation using refined oil products. Thermal Power generation is mainly operated by diesel generators which implies high electricity costs due to high fuel expenses. It also contributes to local and global environmental pollution by greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the dependency on expensive fossil fuels is a major barrier for a sustainable development of rural areas: high costs lead to insufficient energy supply which in turn impedes economic development.
GHG emissions associated with this energy use trajectory are expected to reach just over 24 million tons of CO-equivalent by 2030, a 6-fold increase from the year 2000 levels (see Figure 3). Transportation and electricity together account for most of the growth in GHG emissions in Sudan, with these two sectors responsible for around 70% of the projected GHG emissions by 2030 [5].
On a smaller scale, renewable energy projects have a successful application record in Sudan. For instance solar pumping irrigation systems have been used in off-grid Northern States, with the idea to replace the diesel-generators which were used in the agricultural schemes. This project was executed by the UNDP, Sudan office, with a life-span of 25 years and more than 1422 solar-pump units which began implementation since 2015. There are also bio-gas Cook-stoves projects to replace the less-efficient ordinary three-stones stoves (which have severe negative impact on human''s heath and the environment) in the western states of Sudan. The locally-available animal waste was selected as a feed stock for the household bio-gas units [6] [7].
The application of energy efficiency measures are at the heart of the clean energy revolution. The indicative target of energy efficiency reflecting the rate or value of savings in electrical energy consumed in 2016 up to 2030 resulted from measures to improve electric power efficiency and rationalization of electricity consumption. These contributions are estimated to result in energy saving in the order of 6500 GW [2].
As an engineer, I initially had the idea that technology can totally solve the energy issue. However, now I am assured that the energy challenge is a multidisciplinary systemic multidimensional challenge, and hence, it has be addressed systemically with a holistic approach. Technology is just one pedal in the wheel; it''s also about sustainability, supply chain, value chain, business models, social appropriation, regulations and human capital. These are all game changers for the scenarios of the future of energy.
[2]. Republic of Sudan Intended National Determined Contribution (INDCs)
[3]. Ministry of water resources and Electricity, Republic of Sudan : Long and Medium terms power system plan.
[4]. A.Lang, H.Farouk : Sudan''s biofuel for transportation Roadmap.
[5]. Sudan''s Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
[7].%20note%20biogas%20haggar.pdf
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