This report updates those cost projections with data published in 2021, 2022, and
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The Energy Storage System is used to capture electricity produced by both renewable and nonrenewable resources and store it for discharge when required. The system allows users to go off grid and switch to stored electricity at a time most beneficial, giving greater flexibility and control of electrical usage. The market for energy storage on grid is growing at a rapid speed, driven by declining prices and supportive government policies.
Our customised Energy Storage Solutions provide backup power to critical loads – improving power supply reliability during routine or emergency power outage.Aggregated portfolios of DERs (distributed energy resources) can also provide system-level frequency response and support local microgrid operations to enhance system resiliency during major outages.
ESS allows to store electricity during off-peak time and shift energy to be used at peak time. The goal is to avoid the upgrade of transformer capacity to supply the peaks of the highly variable loads. Energy storage provides a fast response and emission-free solution.Restore and balance between supply and demand, the storage system is charged or discharged in response to an increase or decrease of grid frequency and keeps it within pre-set limits.
The typical electricity demand curve usually doesn''t meet the PV generation curve. By storing the surplus PV generation into battery storage unit, it can maximize PV generation and reduce electricity bill. Intelligent software predicts energy consumption over time and automatically dispatches stored electricity to lower demand charges.
The 2021 ATB represents cost and performance for battery storage across a range of durations (1–8 hours). It represents lithium-ion batteries only at this time. There are a variety of other commercial and emerging energy storage technologies; as costs are well characterized, they will be added to the ATB.
Current costs for commercial and industrial BESS are based on NREL''s bottom-up BESS cost model using the data and methodology of(Feldman et al., 2021), who estimated costs for a600-kWDCstand-alone BESS with 0.5–4.0 hours of storage. We use the same model and methodology but do not restrict the power and energy capacity of the BESS. Feldman et al. assumed an inverter/storage ratio of 1.67 based on guidance from(Denholm et al., 2017). We adopt this assumption, too.
Key modeling assumptions and inputs are shown in the Table 1. Because we do not have battery costs that are specific to commercial and industrial BESS, we use the battery pack costs from(Feldman et al., 2021), which vary depending on the battery duration. These battery costs are close to our assumptions for battery pack costs for residential BESS at low storage durations and for utility-scale battery costs for utility-scale BESS at long durations. The underlying battery costs in Feldman et al. come from(Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), 2019a)and should be consistent with battery cost assumptions for the residential and utility-scale markets.
Table 1. Commercial and Industrial LIB Energy Storage Systems: 2019 Model Inputs and Assumptions (2019 USD)
60–1,200 kWDC power capacity
Figure1. Estimated costs of commercial and industrial stand-alone PV, stand-alone BESS, and PV+BESS using NREL bottom-up model
Available cost data and projections for distributed battery storage are very limited. Therefore, the battery cost and performance projections in the 2021 ATB are based on the same literature review as for utility-scale and residential battery cost projections. The projections are based on a literature review of 19 sources published in 2018 or 2019, as described by(Cole and Frazier, 2020).Three projections from 2019 to 2050 are developed for scenario modeling based on this literature.
Future cost projections for commercial and industrial BESS and PV+BESS are made using the same methodology as is used for residential BESS and PV+BESS. The normalized cost reduction projections for LIB packs used in residential BESS by(Mongird et al., 2020)are applied to future battery costs, and cost reductions for other BESS components use the same cost reduction potentials in Figure 2. Costs for commercial and industrial PV systems come from the 2020 ATB Moderate and Advanced Scenarios). We could not find projected costs for commercial and industrial BESS in the literature for comparison.
Figure 2. Changes in projected component costs for residential BESS
Data Source:(Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), 2019a)
Definition:The bottom-up cost model documented by(Feldman et al., 2021)contains detailed cost buckets for both solar only, battery only, and combined systems costs. Though the battery pack is a significant cost portion, it is a minority of the cost of the battery system. This cost breakdown is different if the battery is part of a hybrid system with solar PV or a stand-alone system. These relative costs for commercial scale stand-alone battery are demonstrated in Table 2.
Table 2. Capital Cost Components for Commercial Building-Scale Battery Systems
Base Year: The Base Year cost estimate is taken from(Feldman et al., 2021)and is currently $2019.
Within theATB Dataspreadsheet, costs are separated into energy and power cost estimates, which allows capital costs to be constructed for durations other than 4 hours according to the following equation:
For more information on the power versus energy cost breakdown, see(Cole and Frazier, 2020).
Base Year:(Cole and Frazier, 2020)assume no variable O&M(VOM) cost. All operating costs are instead represented using fixed O&M (FOM) costs. They include augmentation costs needed to keep the battery system operating at rated capacity for its lifetime. In the 2020 ATB, FOM is defined as the value needed to compensate for degradation to enable the battery system to have a constant capacity throughout its life. According to the literature review(Cole and Frazier, 2020), FOM costs are estimated at 2.5% of the capital costs in dollars per kilowatt.
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