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The thermal energy contained in the interior of the earth is called geothermal energy. Volcanoes, geysers, and hot springs are visible evidence of a large amount of heat lying in Earth’s interior. The geothermal is enormous and last for several millions of years. Hence, it is called renewable energy.
Energy presents as heat ( i.e. thermal energy ) in the earth’s crust. The more readily accessible heat is in the uppermost part (10 km ) or crust constitutes a potentially useful and almost the inexhaustible source of energy. This heat is apparent from the increase in temperature of the earth with an increase in depth below the surface. Although higher and lower temperatures or cross the average temperatures occur, the average temperature at the depth of 10 kilometers is 200 degrees celsius.
The molten rock within the earth is called magma. It is commonly presented at a depth of about 32 km on an average with a temperature of about 3000 degrees C. In some places, anomalous geologic conditions cause the magma to be pushed up towards the surface where the heat of the magma is being conducted upward through an overlying rock layer. The figure shows a typical geothermal field.
The hot magma near the surface (A) solidifies into igneous rock (D). The heal of the magma is conducted upward to this igneous rock. Ground waler which finds its way down to this rock through cracks is healed by the heat of the rock or by mixing with hot gases and steam coming from magma. Then the heated water convectively rises upward and into a porous and permeable reservoir (C) above flit igneous rock. The reservoir is capped by a layer of the impermeable solid rock (D) which traps the hot water in the reservoir. The solid rock has fissures (E) which act as vents of the giant underground boiler. The vents show up at the surface as geysers fumaroles (I ) or hot spring (G). A well (H) traps steam from fissures for the use in a geothermal power plant.
At any place on the planet, there is a normal temperature gradient of 30 degrees C. per km dug into the earth. Therefore, if in one dig 20000 feet the temperature will be about 190-degree c above the surface temperature, this difference will be enough to produce electricity. However, no useful and economical technologies have been developed to extract this large source of energy.
The basic kinds of geothermal sources are as follows.
1. Hydrothermal (a) Vapour dominated or dry steam fields (b) Liquid dominated system (c) Hot -water fields
2. Geopressured 3. Hot dry rock or Petrothermal 4. Magma resources 5. Volcanoes
Hydrothermal resources contain superheated water, steam, or both in fractures or porous rock but further trapped by a layer of impermeable rock.
Hot dry rock or petrothermal resources consist of high-temperature rocks ranging from 90°C to 65O degree C. The rocks can be fractured and water may be circulated through the rocks to extract thermal energy.
It is more appropriate for sources below 150 degrees C. It is used for.
The figure shows a schematic and T-s diagram of a vapor-dominated power system. Dry steam from wells is collected, filtered to remove abrasive particles, and passed through turbines that drive electric generators in the usual manner. The essential difference between this system and a conventional steam turbine-generator system using fossil or unclear fuel is that the geothermal steam is supplied at much lower temperature and pressure.
The essential difference between this system and a conventional steam turbine-generator system using fossil fuel is that the geothermal steam is supplied at much lower temperature and pressure.
The condensation of steam continuously increases the volume of the cooling water.
A part of this heat is lost by evaporation in the cooling tower (6) and the remaining heat is injected deep into the ground (7) for disposal.
In the liquid dominated reservoir, the water temperature is above the normal boiling point 100 degrees C. However, it does not boil but it remains in a liquid state because the water in the reservoir is under pressure. When the water comes to the surface, the pressure is reduced, then rapid boiling occurs and the liquid water "flashes” into a mixture of hot water and steam. The steam can be separated and used to generate electric power or to provide space and process heat or it may be distilled to yield the purified water.
There are two important methods of liquid-dominated systems as follows,
1.Impulse/Reaction machines:
2. Positive displacement machines :
Sachin is a B-TECH graduate in Mechanical Engineering from a reputed Engineering college. Currently, he is working in the sheet metal industry as a designer. Additionally, he has interested in Product Design, Animation, and Project design. He also likes to write articles related to the mechanical engineering field and tries to motivate other mechanical engineering students by his innovative project ideas, design, models and videos.
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