Smart Grid Communications and Networking. The smart grid will transform the way power is delivered, consumed and accounted for. Adding intelligence through the newly networked grid will increase reliability and power quality, improve responsiveness, increase efficiency and provide a platform for new Contact online >>
Smart Grid Communications and Networking. The smart grid will transform the way power is delivered, consumed and accounted for. Adding intelligence through the newly networked grid will increase reliability and power quality, improve responsiveness, increase efficiency and provide a platform for new applications.
The communication layer is important in distinguishing Smart Grids from traditional power grids, and in enabling SG applications. It is divided into three categories classified by geographic area (Wide Area Network, Neighborhood Area Network/Field Area Network, and the Premise Area Network).
Intelligent functions in Smart Grid operation and control, concepts of how to evaluate them. A Smart Grid communication includes Home Area Networks (HANs), Building Area Networks (BANs), Industrial Area Networks (IANs), and Wide Area Network (WAN).
Both types of communication are necessary in smart grid environment. The technology that fits one environment may not be suitable in a different environment. Following is a summary of some of the wired and wireless communication technologies used for smart grids, together with advantages and limitations. 3.3.1.
In contrast to conventional telecommunication standards, the modern communication standards of IoT-assisted smart grid systems need interoperability among interfaces, message and workflows. Interoperability is also necessary for effective business rules, which poses a significant challenge due to the problems associated with multiple vendors
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Received 2021 Sep 15; Accepted 2021 Nov 26; Collection date 2021 Dec.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons /licenses/by/4.0/).
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 gives an overview of Smart Grid infrastructure, domains, architecture, and applications. Section 3 presents Smart Grid communication technologies and network structures. Section 4 addresses challenges of Smart Grid communications, and the privacy and security of Smart Grid communication. The organization of this paper is summarized in Figure 1.
Communication play an important role in SGs, as one of the most significant differences between traditional grids and SGs is two-way communication. Traditional power grids only provide one-way communication between the utilities and the customer, whereas SGs provide two-way communication [3,10]. This enables use of distributed smart sensors, distributed power generation, real-time measurements and metering infrastructure, and monitoring systems. Information exchange is of great importance for the SG to provide reliable power generation and distribution. Following is an overview of SG infrastructure, domains, network architecture, and SG applications.
Comparison of traditional power grid and smart power grid [3].
Smart Grid domains, electrical and communication interface [23].
Market Domain: Grid assets and services are bought and sold within the domain. The market domain handles actors such as market management, wholesale, trading, and retailing. The market domain communicates with all other domains in the SG. Communication between market domain and the energy supplying domains are critical, due to the need for efficient matching of production and consumption [14].
Operations Domain: The domain is responsible for operations of the grid. Including monitoring, control, fault detection and management, grid maintenance, and customer support. These are typically the responsibilities of the utilities today. With SGs more of these responsibilities will move over to service providers [12,13].
Service Provider Domain: Actors in the domain support business processes of power producers, distributors, and customers. Ranging from utility services such as billing to management of energy use and generation. The communication interface is shared with the Generation, Distribution, Markets, Operations, and Customer. Communication with the operations domain is critical to ensure system control and situational awareness [12,13].
Transmission Domain: The power transmission domain is responsible for the transfer of power from the power generation source to the distribution system. The transmission domain typically consists of transmission lines, substations, energy storage systems, and measurement and control systems. The transmission system is typically monitored and controlled through a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system which communicates with field and control devices throughout the transmission grid [12,13].
Distribution incl. DER Domain: This domain is the connection between the transmission and the customer domain. The distribution domain may include DERs located at customer or at grid operator. In a SG environment, the distribution domain communicates with the market domain due to the market domains potential to affect local power consumption and generation [12,13,14].
Customer Domain: The customer or end-user could be private, commercial or industrial. In addition to consume the energy, the customer could also generate and feed the grid with excess energy or stored energy. In cases where the customer generate and deliver energy consumer is referred to as a prosumer [14,26].
Overview of SG communication layers [20].
SG applications for monitoring and grid management include Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Distributed Automation (DA), Distributed Generation (DG), Distributed Storage, Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS), Demand Response (DR), and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA). All depend on reliable wired and wireless communication interfaces to operate in the SG infrastructure.
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
SGs are considered as one of the largest potential IoT network implementations with smart meters and wireless smart sensors placed throughout the grid, and smart appliances communicating with each other to ensure reliable and efficient power generation and distribution. The advanced metering infrastructure consists of physical and virtual components, including sensors, monitoring systems, smart meters, software, data management systems, and communication networks. AMI is responsible for collecting, analyzing, and storing metering data sent from sensors and monitoring systems and smart meters at the end-user to the utility companies for billing, grid management, and forecasting. SG interactions based on measured data and communication from sensor networks [29,30].
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