Feras Alasali, Abdelaziz Salah Saidi, Naser El-Naily, Othman Alsmadi, Mohamed Khaleel, Ibrahim Ghirani, Assessment of the impact of a 10-MW grid-tied solar system on the Libyan grid in terms of the power-protection system stability, Clean Energy, Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2023, Pages 389–407, https Contact online >>
Feras Alasali, Abdelaziz Salah Saidi, Naser El-Naily, Othman Alsmadi, Mohamed Khaleel, Ibrahim Ghirani, Assessment of the impact of a 10-MW grid-tied solar system on the Libyan grid in terms of the power-protection system stability, Clean Energy, Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2023, Pages 389–407, https://doi /10.1093/ce/zkac084
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Received 2020 Feb 27; Revised 2020 Jul 4; Accepted 2020 Aug 5; Issue date 2021 Jan 10.
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Keywords: Electricity shortage, Feed in tariff, Feasibility analysis, Libya, Non-wires alternative, Solar generation
Geopolitical map of Libya (UN, 2015).
Sankey diagram of electricity consumption per sector (GECOL, 2012).
Libyan national transmission grid (220 kV & 400 kV).
Global horizontal irradiation (kWh/m2/year) (SOLARGIS, 2019).
Global horizontal irradiation for some selected Libyan Cities (kWh/m2/day).
Feed-in Tariff for PV technology and electricity prices in Germany (Fraunhofer, 2020).
The average daily energy consumption for a typical house in Benghazi.
Daily energy load profile of a typical house in Benghazi.
Global solar irradiation received by a PV system at various tilt angles.
where PSH is the Peak Sun Hour in kWh/m2/day; for Benghazi it is 5.78. Losses of the designed PV system must be considered to ensure that the system will feed the load effectively. The system efficiency was estimated as 71% including the inverter efficiency, PV module mismatch, losses in the DC and AC wires, soiling, and losses due to the PV module temperature increase (Liu et al., 2017).
Technical and economical characteristics of various components.
where pb and ps are the energy bought from and sold to the national utility grid, respectively. EPVaut is the auto-consumed (not bought from the grid) annual energy generated by the NWA PV system connected to the grid. EPVinj is the annual energy generated from the PV system injected into the utility grid. CO&M, Cins and CFin are attributed to the annual costs of operation and maintenance, insurance, and financing, respectively.
Inflation rate in Libya during 2008–2018 (CBL, 2018).
Optimization results for the hybrid energy system.
Electrical simulation results for the base case scenario.
Cash flow for 5 kW PV-20 kWh battery NWA system at base scenario.
Electricity production of the NWA diesel-only option.
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