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In situ Raman spectra of a 5 m and b 10 m CsAc at different temperatures. c 2D synchronous and asynchronous spectra (2DCOS) generated from (b). The in situ XRD patterns of d 5 m CsAc and e 10 m CsAc at different temperatures. In situ LF-NMR T2 relaxation spectra of f 5, g 10, and h 20 m CsAc electrolyte at different temperatures.
These two competing interactions collectively affect the total entropy of the system ((S)), which can be expressed as46:
a Areal capacitance of symmetric active carbon (ATC)-based supercapacitors at different temperatures (−80 to +120 °C). The charge-discharge curves at the temperature range of b −80 to −40 °C and c +40 to +120 °C. The long-cycle stability at (d) +80 °C and (e) −95 °C. f Optical pictures, (g) and (h) rate performances at varied temperature of the PANI || Zn full cells using the pure ZnAc2 and ZnAc2 + EDGFL electrolytes. (i) Long-term stability of the ZIBs with ZnAc2 + EDGFL as the electrolyte.
a Schematic of PEDOT-based AC line filter on Ti/Au interdigitated electrodes (PEDOT MSCs). b The optical photo of PEDOT MSC. c CV curves of PEDOT MSCs at different scan rates. Impedance phase angle on the frequency for PEDOT MSCs and commercial 220 μF aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) at c +25 °C, d −70 °C, e −95 °C. f Areal capacitance versus frequency of PEDOT MSCs and commercial 220 μF AEC at +25 °C and −95 °C. AC line-filtering performance of g commercial 220 μF AEC and h PEDOT MSCs at +25 °C and −70 °C.
Active carbon (Kurary, YP-80F), PVDF binder and super P conductive agent with a ratio of 8:1:1 was fabricated as a paste for coating on carbon paper, with an average thickness of 1000 μm and mass loading of around 20 mg cm−2. Two active carbon electrodes were used as positive and negative electrodes for constructing the symmetric supercapacitors. 75 μL 10 m CsAc electrolyte were added into the coin cell separated by a piece of glass fiber (GE-Whatman, 125 mm).
Ti/Au interdigitated electrodes were purchased from Huizhou Xinwenxiong Trading Co., Ltd (Ti: 30 nm, Au: 100 nm. line width: 50 μm, line spacing: 50 μm, line length: 2.1 mm). Anodic polymerization of aqueous electrolytic monomeric bath was conducted in electropolymerizing of PEDOT electrodes using standard three-electrode configuration51. Ti/Au interdigitated electrode was used as working electrode, platinum wire as a counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. PEDOT was electrochemically grown on the Au surface in a solution containing 1 M H2SO4 and 50 mM EDOT. Potentio-dynamic mode was used in which the potential was swept from 0 to 1.1 V at a scan rate of 100 mV s−1 (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 20 cycles.
The electrochemical performances of various devices were conducted by the Neware battery test system (CT-4008Tn-5V10mA-164, Shenzhen, China). The voltage range of SCs and PANI||Zn batteries were set to 0–1.2 V and 0.5–1.5 V, respectively. All the electrochemical performances collected under varied temperatures were conducted under various environments including ambient places, electric oven (LICHEN, 202-00T, 25 to + 300 °C) and refrigerators with different temperature ranges from +80 to −95 °C (KEEKEN K-20, −22 to +15 °C; DW-86W28, −86 to −40 °C; DW-60-L30, −135 to −86 °C).
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (52172202, 22209058); Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023A1515011994, 2023A1515110008); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2024M751119); Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou, China (2024A04J3799).
These authors contributed equally: Meijia Qiu, Peng Sun.
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