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Nikolaos, P.C.; Marios, F.; Dimitris, K. A Review of Pumped Hydro Storage Systems. Energies 2023, 16, 4516. https://doi /10.3390/en16114516
Nikolaos PC, Marios F, Dimitris K. A Review of Pumped Hydro Storage Systems. Energies. 2023; 16(11):4516. https://doi /10.3390/en16114516
Nikolaos, Papadakis C., Fafalakis Marios, and Katsaprakakis Dimitris. 2023. "A Review of Pumped Hydro Storage Systems" Energies 16, no. 11: 4516. https://doi /10.3390/en16114516
Nikolaos, P. C., Marios, F., & Dimitris, K. (2023). A Review of Pumped Hydro Storage Systems. Energies, 16(11), 4516. https://doi /10.3390/en16114516
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Hydroelectric energy is founded on the conversion of the kinetic energy of water into electricity. It is the most common and mature grid-scale energy storage technology (Walker and Duquette 2022). In the case of a reservoir, the term "exploitation" refers to the available volume of water that is stored. The potential energy of the water due to the height of the upper reservoir is changed into kinetic energy and then into electricity using a hydro turbine (Blakers et al. 2021). In 2020, hydropower plants produced around 20% of the electricity consumed globally (Tzoraki 2020). The best size of pumped storage hydropower stations coupled with grid-connected solar and wind energy to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is proposed by Bhimaraju et al. (2022).
The novelty of this study in the field of HRESs is the combination of two different energy storage technologies, namely pumped-storage hydropower and hydrogen storage. In hybrid energy storage, wind energy can be stored both as hydraulic energy and as hydrogen. Data on the population and weather are used to create a methodological framework. An energy management methodology is proposed for the energy produced by the WTs and the energy stored by different storage methods to cover the potable water and electricity demand. Also, a desalination unit is used to produce potable water. These data can be used to modify this framework when studying other remote islands. The outcomes provide important insight into the water and energy management of HRESs in remote areas.
A case study for the implementation of the suggested technology was conducted on the island of Skyros in the Aegean Sea. This is the southernmost and the largest island of the Sporades archipelago and is located along the east coast of Evia at a distance of 30 km. The island has a total area of 220.45 km2, a maximum length of 29 km, a minimum width of 3 km, and a coastline length of 134 km. The maximum altitude (792 m) of the island is located on Mount Kochilas (Triantis et al. 2005). Based on data from the census of 2011, there are 2994 inhabitants, a number that reaches 12,000 during the summer months due to tourism according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority. Most of the population resides in the island''s capital, Chora.
The island enjoys a Mediterranean climate, with moderate, rainy winters and warm, sunny summers, as a result of its location and the impact of the sea. The average annual temperature during the years 2011–2020 was 18.5 °C. The monthly average minimum is 10.5 °C (January) and the mean monthly average maximum is 27.4 °C (July). The total annual rainfall is 491 mm, and the prevailing winds are mainly northerly and around 3–4 Beaufort. This information is gathered from the Skyros weather station at the National Observatory of Athens (Lagouvardos et al. 2017). According to the Database for the Natural Environment of Greece—FILOTIS (2022), there are nature reserves and Corine areas in Skyros.
Mean monthly demand for water supply (blue) and mean monthly electricity demand (black)
where V (m/s) is the wind speed at height y (808 m), V0 (m/s) is the wind speed at height y0 (27 m), and n is the Manning coefficient, which takes different values depending on the natural surface of the installation. In the case of Mount Kochilas, the value of n is 0.20. The equation that calculates the power of a hydro turbine is as follows (Acharya et al. 2015):
where ρ is the density of water (1000 kg/m3), g is the acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2), Q (m3/s) is the water supply, H (m) is the total height, n is the output coefficient of the hydro turbine (0.85), and P is expressed in W (watts). The reservoir''s altitude and the amount of water that is accessible determine how much electricity is produced. The type of hydro turbine selected is the Pelton (Hatata et al. 2019).
The energy requirements for RO desalination vary between 2.5 and 7.0 kWh/m3 (Fornarelli et al. 2018) and depend on the quality of the water and the size of the RO system (Bertsiou and Baltas 2022a). In this case, it is considered to be 5.0 kWh/m3 when utilizing the seawater that surrounds the island.
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