Energy storage systems (ESS) are an important component of the energy transition that is currently happening worldwide, including Russia: Over the last 10 years, the sector has grown 48-fold with an average annual increase rate of 47% (Kholkin, et al. 2019). According to various forecasts, by 2024� Contact online >>
Energy storage systems (ESS) are an important component of the energy transition that is currently happening worldwide, including Russia: Over the last 10 years, the sector has grown 48-fold with an average annual increase rate of 47% (Kholkin, et al. 2019). According to various forecasts, by 2024–2025, the global market for energy storage systems will reach 50–100 GW, which equals USD 80 billion. Over the recent years, development of ESS has been driven by development of non-conventional renewable energy sources (RES) (Zhdaneev 2020). The maximum capacity of the Russian ESS market is 10–15 GW up until 2030 (Kholkin, et al. 2019).
Currently, five energy storage technologies have been commercially developed: mechanical, electrochemical, thermal, electrical, and chemical (Andrey et al. 2020). According to the technology development report (Andrey et al. 2020) of the European Energy Commission, electrochemical ESS is the second most developed and used technology of production after pumped-storage units. ESS installed for end-consumers (prosumers) (Brown et al. 2020) downstream of the power meters, i.e., on the prosumer side, plays an increasingly important role, including in the oil and gas industry.
The first example of practical use of an ESS in the oil and gas industry was a joint project of Woodside Energy and ABB Ability (Baccino et al. 2018)—a PowerStore system with a rated capacity of 1 MW and a storage capacity of 1 MWh, installed at the Australian Goodwyn Alpha offshore platform in 2017. The platform production capacity is up to 36 and 11 kTpD of gas and gas condensate, respectively. The platform is equipped with four 3.2 MW gas turbine power units, a total of 12.8 MW. Confirmed ESS operation results in 2019: saving 3,000 tons of diesel fuel and reducing CO2 emissions by 7,500 tons. Thus, ESS replaced 1 out of 4 existing gas turbine generators and reduced the emergency diesel generator operating time.
The next offshore ESS project was developed by Seadrill/Northern Drilling, Siemens, Kongsberg Maritime, and DNV GL (Northern Drilling''s West Mira first rig to receive DNV GL Battery (Power) 2019), and commissioned on the West Mira semi-submersible rig in the North Sea in 2018. This ESS consisted of four 1.5Â MW modules, with total capacity of 6Â MW. The rig power unit consisted of six 5.5Â MW DPSs. As a result, 42% saving of diesel fuel and 12% reduction in CO2 emissions are currently reported.
In 2020, Maersk (Energy and delivers energy storage, 2021) implemented the world''s third project of using an ESS in offshore oil and gas production on a Maersk Intrepid CJ70 jack-up drilling rig, also operating in the North Sea. The total capacity of the rig power unit is 11.6Â MW. The monthly saving of diesel fuel was 25%, and CO2 emissions were reduced by 25%. In its basic specifications, this ESS was similar to the Australian Woodside Energy and ABB Ability ESS project.
In the beginning of the article, feasibility of wide use of ESS on drilling rigs is substantiated. Conclusions are then made following 2017–2019 hands-on studies of power modes on a number of rigs. Results of these studies laid a foundation for development of an experimental ESS unit with a control system based on a 3-level invertor. Explanation is given for the optimum way to integrate the ESS into a rig power circuit. After field testing, feasibility of using ESS in drilling is proven, and bare-bone specifications for a serial-produced ESS are calculated.
If certain pricing rates are achieved, ESS may provide extremely effective solutions for the following power supply objectives for the Russian oil and gas industry:
Improving the power quality. Despite the lack of RES, the majority of Russian consumers experience the same problems with power dips as networks with a large share of RES do due to the length and bad state of lines. ESS provides reliable power supply and postpones investments in upgrades of the existing networks and building new ones;
Using ESS as storage systems downstream of the power meter to optimize energy supply costs. There are several reasons to install a storage system, ranging from the requirements for uninterrupted supply to the possibility of reducing costs by lowering the consumption peaks.
In Russia, deep drilling rigs (Zhdaneev and Frolov 2020) are among the most energy-intensive facilities with an installed total capacity of 3–5 MW.
Extensive experience in designing and maintaining rig control and power supply systems has shown that the load pattern is characterized by a short-term high energy consumption with a high-power rise rate, which requires a larger number of simultaneously operating diesel power stations (DPS), or gas piston or gas turbine units (Pavković et al. 2016). As for the rigs, this energy consumption mode is most typical of run-in-hole/put-out-of-hole operations (RIH/POOH).
Based on average daily power consumption statistics and load diagrams for various rig operating modes at more than fifty pads equipped with DPS, it was proposed to improve the energy efficiency of individual DPS-powered rigs by introducing energy storage systems (Fig. 1).
Energy storage system composition
The use of energy storage systems in well drilling will reduce the costs of powering self-contained facilities due to the following benefits:
Capital costs of powering drilling rigs are reduced with removal of one or two 1 MW DPS (of 4–5 typically used) with high self-containment of operation, i.e., settings check once per shift. Also, the ESS does not need extra labor since it is maintained by the rig''s power/electronics engineer,
The diesel fuel consumption will be reduced by up to 20–30% (depending on the ESS capacity) through equalizing the ESS load with the overall positive economic effect compared to the exclusively DPS-powered drilling rigs,
The DPS life cycle increases by up to 40% due to the peak load compensation and limiting the diesel generator load growth rate,
The service life of frequency converters, the momentum inverters, and storage batteries is at least 10Â years, and 25Â years for other elements,
The energy efficiency of drilling is improved through reduced operating costs for diesel fuel and electricity. The payoff period is 2–5 years due to savings on diesel fuel and DPS maintenance, depending on the ESS capacity, the drilling process chart, and the average annual maintenance costs.
It also becomes possible to compensate reactive power and intensively support the network when its voltage value and frequency deviate due to the energy accumulation and further supply to the line since ESS can be integrated into all rig power systems fed from 6 to 0Â kV HV lines (Dehghani et al. 2020).
ESS will allow oil and gas companies to operate modern energy-intensive (3–5 MW) rigs on weak HV lines and rigs far from power substations without a DPS. The DR peak load-factoring by ESS allows eliminating voltage slumps in weak lines, which positively affects neighboring network consumers such as submersible pumps in the field. ESS will significantly reduce the environmental footprint by reducing harmful CO2 emissions from 3–5 MW DPSs by up to 25% annually (Dai et al. 2019).
An energy source permanently integrated into the rig circuit will allow drilling contractors to compensate for voltage dips and surges, which will reduce emergency shutdowns and downtime of drilling equipment (Chervonchenko and Frolov 2020), minimize drilling hazards, and improve the DPS operation stability.
Furthermore, an ESS is easily scalable in power, storage capacity, and voltage and is built on uniform modules.
In 2017–2019, power modes of twenty drilling rigs were studied. The study involved measuring the quality and quantity of the energy consumed by diesel generator-powered rigs, the generator running times, and the diesel fuel consumption at various well construction stages. The study results were generalized for rigs by different manufacturers and with varying load capacity.
All measurements were performed to further define the most optimum storage unit and inverter capacity, and the storage unit connection circuit. These studies have shown that the average daily rig power consumption is within 350–500 kW, depending on the rig type and well complexity. Here, the optimum storage unit capacity in terms of economy and payoff period (4 years max.) has been determined, which varies within 150–350 kWh. All the while, a unit with supercapacitors should be used to compensate for dynamic operating modes.
Table 1 represents the power consumption study results for a 320 ton capacity rig.
Figure 2 shows the number of diesel gensets simultaneously operated at the rig at hand. The figure shows modes with maximum peak power requiring simultaneous operation of up to four diesel generators.
The use of diesel generators as part of 5000/320 DR, well pad # 23 of the Kondinskoye Field
The study allows determining the possibility of improving the energy efficiency of drilling (reducing the costs of diesel fuel and the generator running time) by up to 30% by equalizing the generator load and setting the optimum load mode, at which the best fuel consumption is achieved. Loads are equalized by using modern ESS accumulating the energy between the consumption periods and supplying it at peak hours.
The effect is determined by the fact that a diesel engine consumes fuel most efficiently at a load of over 50% (Daho et al. 2013). However, sharply changing loads during operation of the drawworks (DW) require additional diesel generators to cover the peak loads, which usually keeps one or two generators underloaded for a considerable time. Figure 3 shows a typical diagram of power consumption during DW operation.
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