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Until the 1990s, the metal and lithium market was dominated by US production from mineral deposits.
However, at the beginning of the 21st century most of the production was derived from non-US sources, with Australia, Chile and Portugal being the most important suppliers in the world.
As a curiosity to stake out that, although Bolivia has half of the world''s lithium deposits, it is not a major lithium producer.
The most important commercial form is lithium carbonate, Li 2 CO 3 , Produced from minerals or brines by several different processes.
The adition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) produces lithium chloride. This method produces the hydrated compound (water bound to the molecule). The hydrated form can be dried to the anhydrous form by heating with hydrogen chloride gas.
Lithium chloride is a white solid with no particular aroma and salty taste (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2005). Their appearance is shown in figure 2.
Lithium chloride are highly hygroscopic crystals with octahedral geometry similar to that of sodium chloride. Its crystalline structure is presented in figure 3 (Winter, S.F.).
Its molecular weight is 42.39 g / mol, its density is 2.068 g / mL and the melting and boiling points are 605 ° C and 1360 ° C respectively.
The compound is very soluble in water, alcohol, ether, pyridine and nitrobenzene (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015).
Lithium chloride has weak oxidizing or reducing power. However, redox reactions can still occur. Lithium chloride solutions are generally neither strongly acidic nor strongly basic.
Since it is extremely hygroscopic, lithium chloride can also absorb up to four equivalents of ammonia per mole. Aqueous solutions of lithium chloride may corrode metals (LITHIUM CHLORIDE, S.F.).
Lithium chloride is a stable compound incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, bromine trichloride, bromine trifluoride.
It is not toxic by ingestion, but by its corrosive nature can be irritating to the skin and eyes, it can also irritate the nostrils (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2015).
In case of contact with eyes, check for wearing contact lenses and remove them immediately.
Flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water can be used. Eye ointment should not be used.
If the chemical comes into contact with clothing, remove it as quickly as possible, protecting your own hands and body.
Place the victim under a safety shower. If the chemical builds up on the victim''s exposed skin, such as the hands, gently and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with running water and non-abrasive soap.
Cold water can be used. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. Wash the contaminated clothing before using it again.
In case of inhalation, the victim should be allowed to stand in a well-ventilated area. If the inhalation is severe, the victim should be evacuated to a safe area as soon as possible.
Loosen tight clothing such as a shirt collar, belts, or tie. If it is difficult for the victim to breathe, oxygen should be administered.
If the victim is not breathing, a mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is performed. Always taking into account that it can be dangerous for the person providing help give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or corrosive.
In all cases seek immediate medical attention (Material Safety Data Sheet Lithium chloride, 2013).
Lithium chloride is the compound used to produce lithium metal by electrolysis. The lithium metal is produced by electrolysis of a molten mixture of lithium and potassium chlorides.
The lower melting point of the mixture (400-420 ° C or 750-790 ° F) compared to that of pure lithium chloride (610 ° C or 1 130 ° F) allows the lower temperature operation of the electrolysis .
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