There are many practical applications for solar panels or photovoltaics. From the fields of the agricultural industry as a power source for irrigation to its usage in remote health care facilities to refrigerate medical supplies. Other applications include power generation at various scales and atte Contact online >>
There are many practical applications for solar panels or photovoltaics. From the fields of the agricultural industry as a power source for irrigation to its usage in remote health care facilities to refrigerate medical supplies. Other applications include power generation at various scales and attempts to integrate them into homes and public infrastructure. PV modules are used in photovoltaic systems and include a large variety of electrical devices.
Indoor photovoltaics have the potential to supply power to the Internet of Things, such as smart sensors and communication devices, providing a solution to the battery limitations such as power consumption, toxicity, and maintenance. Ambient indoor lighting, such as LEDs and fluorescent lights, emit enough radiation to power small electronic devices or devices with low-power demand.[4] In these applications, indoor photovoltaics will be able to improve reliability and increase lifetimes of wireless networks, especially important with the significant number of wireless sensors that will be installed in the coming years.[5]
Other promising materials and technologies for indoor photovoltaics include thin-film materials, III-V light harvesters, organic photovoltaics (OPV), dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells.
One of the most cost effective solar applications is a solar powered pump, as it is far cheaper to purchase a solar panel than it is to run power lines.[11][12][13] They often meet a need for water beyond the reach of power lines, taking the place of a windmill or windpump. One common application is the filling of livestock watering tanks, so that grazing cattle may drink. Another is the refilling of drinking water storage tanks on remote or self-sufficient homes.
Solar street lights raised light sources which are powered by photovoltaic panels generally mounted on the lighting structure. The solar array of such off-grid PV system charges a rechargeable battery, which powers a fluorescent or LED lamp during the night. Solar street lights are stand-alone power systems, and have the advantage of savings on trenching, landscaping, and maintenance costs, as well as on the electric bills, despite their higher initial cost compared to conventional street lighting. They are designed with sufficiently large batteries to ensure operation for at least a week and even in the worst situation, they are expected to dim only slightly.
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector (PVT) are systems that convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy. These systems combine a solar PV cell, which converts sunlight into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. The capture of both electricity and heat allow these devices to have higher exergy and thus be more overall energy efficient than solar PV or solar thermal alone.[20][21]
Many utility-scale solar farms have been constructed all over the world. In 2011 the 579-megawatt (MWAC) Solar Star project was proposed, to be followed by the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm and the Topaz Solar Farm in the future, both with a capacity of 550 MWAC, to be constructed by US-company First Solar, using CdTe modules, a thin-film PV technology. All three power stations will be located in the Californian desert.[22] When the Solar Star project was completed in 2015, it was the world''s largest photovoltaic power station at the time.[23]
Photovoltaics may also be incorporated as energy conversion devices for objects at elevated temperatures and with preferable radiative emissivities such as heterogeneous combustors.[24]
Hybrid systems combine two or more modes of electricity generation together, usually renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines. These systems often yield greater economic and environmental returns than wind, solar, geothermal or trigeneration stand-alone systems by themselves.
Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems generate solar power by using a combination of mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a receiver. Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat (solar thermal energy), which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator or powers a thermochemical reaction.
Solar vehicle, whether ground, water, air or space vehicles may obtain some or all of the energy required for their operation from the sun. Surface and air vehicles generally require higher power levels than can be sustained by a practically sized solar array, so a battery assists in meeting peak power demand, and the solar array recharges it. Space vehicles have successfully used solar photovoltaic systems for years of operation, eliminating the weight of fuel or primary batteries.
Solar panels on spacecraft have been one of the first applications of photovoltaics since the launch of Vanguard 1 in 1958, the first satellite to use solar cells. Contrary to Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the planet, that ran out of batteries within 21 days due to the lack of solar-power, most modern communications satellites and space probes in the inner Solar System rely on the use of solar panels to derive electricity from sunlight.[29][30]
A number of experimental solar farms have been established around the world that attempt to integrate solar power generation with agriculture. An Italian manufacturer has promoted a design which track the sun''s daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems.[39]
Solar PV power is ideally suited for telecommunication applications such as local telephone exchange, radio and TV broadcasting, microwave and other forms of electronic communication links. This is because, in most telecommunication application, storage batteries are already in use and the electrical system is basically DC. In hilly and mountainous terrain, radio and TV signals may not reach as they get blocked or reflected back due to undulating terrain. At these locations, low power transmitters (LPT) are installed to receive and retransmit the signal for local population.[40]
Institutional subscriptions
Photovoltaic Systems: Fundamentals and Applications is designed to be used as an introductory textbook and professional training manual offering mathematical and conceptual insights that can be used to teach concepts, aid understanding of fundamentals, and act as a guide for sizing and designing practical systems.
Book Title: Photovoltaic Systems
Book Subtitle: Fundamentals and Applications
Authors: Yaman Abou Jieb, Eklas Hossain
DOI: https://doi /10.1007/978-3-030-89780-2
Publisher: Springer Cham
Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-030-89779-6Published: 08 December 2021
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