Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have arisen as a technically and economically credible alternative to the p-n junction photovoltaic devices. In the late 1960s, it was discovered that electricity can be generated through illuminated organic dyes in electrochemical cells. Contact online >>
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have arisen as a technically and economically credible alternative to the p-n junction photovoltaic devices. In the late 1960s, it was discovered that electricity can be generated through illuminated organic dyes in electrochemical cells.
Dye sensitised solar cells operate as a photoanode (n-DSC), where photocurrent result from electron injection by the sensitized dye. Photocathodes (p-DSCs) operate in an inverse mode compared to the conventional n-DSC, where dye-excitation is followed by rapid electron transfer from a p-type semiconductor to the dye (dye-sensitized hole
The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), a molecular solar cell technique, has the potential to generate solar cells for less than $0.5/Wpeak [5]. Researchers and industry professionals around the world have been drawn to DSSCs due to their favorable PCE, low-cost materials, and suitable fabrication techniques.
For indoor and outdoor dye-sensitized studies of solar cells, three novel organic dyes based on anthracene, denoted as 11, 12, and 13 were synthesized by Tsai et al.91. Further, they prepared flexible and rigid modules, as well as small cells, and their PV efficiencies were evaluated.
For indoor and outdoor dye-sensitized studies of solar cells, three novel organic
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Illustration of the factors affecting efficiency of DSSC
The full operating process of DSSCs consists of the following phases.53,54,55,56,57
(i) Excitation of sensitizer (absorption of photonic energy): When sunlight strikes the DSSC, the sensitizer gets excited to a higher energy state [lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)] from their ground state [highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)] and subsequently produces electrons and holes.
(ii) Injection of electron: The excited sensitizer is oxidized and an electron is inserted into the conduction band (CB) of the semiconductor (TiO2), whereby electrons pass through the thin film of porous TiO2 to the transparent conducting oxide glass substrate to cathode from the anode through an external loop, creating current and completing cycles.
(iii) Regeneration of sensitizer: The redox pairs present in the electrolyte (e.g. iodide and tri-iodide [I- =I3-] redox pairs) donate the electron to oxidized-sensitizer, and thus it gets regenerated.
(iv) Electrochemical reduction: In addition, iodide and the redox mediator in the electrolyte travel to the CE and are regenerated on the cathode by reducing tri-iodide.
In DSSCs, two recombinant mechanisms may be taken into account, where the oxidation of sensitizing molecules and redox electrolyte species occurs in two competing chemical reactions simultaneously.58 Within a microsecond timescale (10-6 s), the recombination of photogenerated electrons are takes place with redox species (I3-) or/and oxidized sensitizers.59,60
Since all forms of DSSCs are characterized by standard equipment for solar-cell testing, it is important to incorporate main parameters used for the experimental validation of DSSC systems.
An essential quantity reflecting a solar cell''s total efficiency is the power conversion efficiency (PCE) (ƞ):
VOC is the open-circuit voltage that is in contrast with the Fermi level of TiO2 and the redox potential of the electrolyte,42 and the incident-light power density is Pin. JSC is the current width of the short circuit. FF is the fill factor that demonstrates the cell''s inherent quality.
where Vmax and Jmax correspond to voltage (V) and current density (J) values that maximize their product.
Semiconducting metal oxides with a wide band gap were deposited on FTO or ITO and were used as photoanode materials. The recent advancement in materials used for the photoanode is presented here.
In one more work, Hora et al.64 optimized the TiO2 photoanode for DSSC''s indoor application. In this work, photoanode mesoporous layers were modified in thickness and light-scattering capacity to optimize light harvesting and decrease recombination loss. A TiO2 blocking layer and the TiO2 mesoporous layer treated with titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) decreased the re-combination of the electron back with electrolyte. After the optimization, the device displayed 9.84% efficiency under simulated solar light and also it displayed 28.7% efficiency under indoor light condition.
A bifacial DSSC with improved light scattering was fabricated by Sasidharan et al.67 by using templated TiO2 surfaces formed by fugitive ZnO microflower inclusions. The optimized device showed highest efficiency of 6.82% and 4.71% under one sun condition front and back side illuminations, respectively. Further, it showed the highest efficiency of 11.8% under 1000 lux CFL illumination compared to bare TiO2 (6.39%).
About Dye sensitized solar cell application
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