With high-quality battery cells and a in-house battery management system (BMS), CATL provides power generation customers accurately optimized assistance for grid-friendly power output.
China is committed to steadily developing a renewable-energy-based power system to reinforce the integration of demand- and supply-side management. An augmented focus on energy storage development will substantially lower the curtailment rate of renewable energy and add tractability to peak shaving, contributing to coal use reduction in China.
After more than 20 years of high-quality development of China''s electric vehicles (EVs), a technological R & D layout of "Three Verticals and Three Horizontals" has been created, and technological advantages have been accumulated. As a result, China''s new energy vehicle market has ranked first in the world since 2015.
The Peterson Institute''s Hendrix says instead of fighting it, automakers, like Ford and Tesla, are turning to Chinese EV battery giant CATL to tap into its battery technology.
According to the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 65.5 percent of widely cited technical papers on battery technology come from researchers in China, compared with 12 percent from the...
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Electric vehicles lined up at a Chang''an Automobile distribution centre in Chongqing, October 2023. China''s EV exports grew by 122% year-on-year in the first three months of 2023. (Image: Alamy)
China accounts for more than 80% of the global solar cell exports, more than 50% of lithium-ion batteries and more than 20% of electric vehicles.
The main propellers behind the surging trio are consistent government support, an early start, strong and low-cost domestic supply chains, and a massive home market driving economies of scale, experts have told China Dialogue.
They also pointed to Chinese companies'' ability to continuously innovate.
But geopolitical tensions bring uncertainty to the global manufacturing future of the "new three", some experts say. Trade restrictions placed on China by its major trading partners, particularly the US and Europe, could possibly affect its leading position, with some other countries showing a keenness to step in.
"In the short term, China will likely maintain its advantage in these sectors. I don''t think other countries will overtake China suddenly," says Li Dan, executive secretary of the Renewable Energy Professional Committee of China Circular Economy Association.
She notes that this situation could potentially change only if other countries achieve major technological breakthroughs.
The concept of the "new three" – or xin san yang – speaks directly to China''s "old three" that were once the pillars of its exports: clothing, home appliances and furniture.
It remains unclear who coined the term, but one of the first Chinese officials to use it was Lv Daliang, spokesperson of the China General Administration of Customs. At a press conference in April, Lv highlighted the "very eye-catching" performance of the "new three" in first-quarter exports.
1st quarter year-on-year increase in the total value of Chinese exports of EVs, lithium batteries and solar cells
Combined exports of EVs, lithium-ion batteries and solar cells (the building blocks of solar panels) reached 264 billion yuan (US$36 billion) between January and March, a 66.9% year-on-year increase, Lv said. Altogether, they pulled up China''s overall export growth rate by two percentage points, he added.
EVs, which recorded a 122.3% year-on-year export increase in the period, led this growth. This was followed by lithium-ion batteries at 94.3% and solar cells at 23.6%, Lv explained.
This trend has continued further into the year. At a July press conference, Lv reported a 61.6% year-on-year jump for the three sectors in the first half of 2023.
China Dialogue speaks to Wu Wei, an assistant professor at Xiamen University''s China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy: "Because China has successfully seized the opportunity to develop its renewable energy industry, it now has substantial advantages in all three sectors globally."
China achieved a near-monopoly in the global exports of solar cells last year, accounting for 83.8% of the total, according to data compiled by Natixis, a French corporate and investment bank.
The data shows that Chinese companies'' shares of lithium-ion battery and EV exports were less but still significant, standing at 52.3% and 23.4% respectively.
China''s share of global manufacturing at every stage of solar panel production exceeded 80% of the global total in 2022, according to Rystad Energy. The findings are presented in the Norway-based research and business intelligence company''s Solar Market Report 2023.
According to the report, China''s share in making polysilicon, wafers, solar cells and solar panels were, in order, 94%, 96%, 90% and 81%. Polysilicon is the key base material for the solar PV supply chain, while wafers (thin slices of semiconductors) are used to make integrated circuits in solar cells.
According to Aditya Lolla, China''s battery manufacturing capacity in 2022 was 0.9 terawatt-hours, which is roughly 77% of the global share. Lolla is the Asia programme lead for Ember, a UK-based energy think-tank.
Although the term "new three" is relatively fresh, the surge of the trio – all key to decarbonisation – has been a long time coming.
Beijing''s policy support stretches back to the mid-2000s and has stayed consistent, laying the foundation for today''s success; almost every expert that China Dialogue has spoken to emphasises this.
China introduced a renewable energy law back in 2005 to spur the exploration and usage of renewable energy. Two years later, the central government raised the energy industry to a national strategy in two key policies intended to spur the research into and manufacturing of renewable energy. The policies – the National Climate Change Programme and theMid- toLong-Term Development PlanforRenewable Energy – elevated the industry''s purpose beyond just tackling pollution.
In 2008, the industry got a huge boost (albeit indirectly) from the government''s four-trillion-yuan (US$583 billion) stimulus plan to counter the global financial crisis. In the package, 210 billion yuan (or roughly 5%) was earmarked for energy-saving, emissions-reduction and ecological-engineering projects. This helped steer companies and investors towards renewables, according to a 2010 report published by WWF and China''s Research Institute of Resources and Environment Policies.
The report stated: "Large-scale new energy generation projects began one by one. Investments for the manufacturing of equipment for wind and solar power have been more active than ever before. In addition, applications in the new energy vehicle industry, such as the construction of commercial charging stations, have recently been tapped into in Shenzhen."
By 2012, China had already "formed a sound manufacturing chain" for the solar photovoltaics (PV) industry. According to a government paper of that year, the country was producing more than 40% of the world''s solar cells.
This policy drive continued in 2015 with the launch of the "Made in China 2025" strategy. The initiative aimed to transform China''s manufacturing industry from labour-intensive to technology-intensive in 10 years. It had specific goals for the growth of domestic EV brands, and prompted a separate action plan to grow the manufacturing of power-generation equipment for solar, wind and other renewable energy sources.
The strategy was followed by two sectoral five-year plans, covering 2016-2025: the 13th and 14th five-year plans for intelligent manufacturing marked out new-energy vehicles and power-generating equipment as two of the key sectors for industrial upgrade.
Alex Wang, an expert on environmental law, tells China Dialogue that when he talked to people in China about those industrial pushes about 15 years ago, they would admit there was no clear sense of whether they would be successful.
"There was a logic to it and they were just trying it," says Wang, who is now a UCLA School of Law professor and a faculty co-director of the US''s Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. "What''s sort of remarkable is how incredibly successful the policy has turned out to be right now, a decade or more later," he adds.
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