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DOI: https://doi /10.1038/s41578-019-0176-2
Organometallic perovskite solar cells have shown great promising for next-generation thin-film solar cells [1,2,3,4]. Solar cell devices made of organometallic halide perovskite material have reached an efficiency of more than 21% [5]. Perovskite materials are the most appropriate for energy harvesting technology; we are using perovskite materials as the heart of solar cells because perovskite material has good photovoltaic properties. The absorption of light and diffusion length is also a major factor to select material for energy harvesting. The direct bandgap of the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 material is 1.55 eV which is good for the power conversion efficiency of the solar cells.
The major problem to make the perovskite solar cell as commercially is their stability [16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. Perovskite material degrades due to humidity, temperature, UV light, and oxygen. To analyze the effect of humidity on the perovskite solar cell we have to minimize the other degradation factor (O2, temperature, light) as well as we need to keep the solar cell at a particular humidity to analyze its degradation with time. Controlling the humidity in an open environment is very difficult, so we made a chamber to control each factor precisely. Humidity is an important factor in the degradation so we first start analyzing the degradation of perovskite solar cells under different humidity conditions. In the chamber, we can control humidity precisely.
In this paper, I am going to analyzing how the perovskite solar cell parameters open-circuit voltage, photocurrent, and capacitance are going to change in different humidity conditions and how perovskite solar cell parameters change with degradation in high humidity condition.
For the perovskite deposition, TiO2 films were transformed into the glove box. The perovskite layer was deposited [6].
First, we take 2 M TiCl4 (1 ml) in 100 ml D.I. water and put TiO2 film''s into the solution and heat at 80 °C in the oven. After that, the film is wash by water, ethanol and dry Ar gas, and then heated at 500 °C at 30 min and again we take 1 M PbI2 (462 mg) solution in DMF (1 ml) and steering at 40 °C up-to dissolve, after that spin-coated at 6000 rpm for 5 s. Heated for 25 min at 70 °C on a hot plate, drop into MAI (8 mg/ml) in isopropanol after that dip the PbI2 film into the above solution for 15 min, and then washed with isopropanol and then heated at 70 °C for 15 min.
First, we take 100 ml of Spiro-MeOTAD in 1 ml chlorobenzene 28.5 µl of TBP (Tursary butyl pyridine) + Li salt solution (17.5 µl) using spin coater at 4000 rpm for 30 s and finally gold deposition on Spiro-MeOTAD layer by the thermal evaporator. The Schematic diagram of typical perovskite solar cells is shown in Fig. 1 and the energy level diagram of the perovskite solar cell is shown in Fig. 2.
Schematic diagram of a typical perovskite solar cell
We have done the quick measurements to avoid the degradation quick change the humidity from RH 50 to RH 6% and then again RH 50% condition. In this condition, the I–V curve shows overlapping in nature. It is confirmed that the solar cell will not degrade quickly.
In every photovoltaic device, open-circuit voltage (for which the total current in the external circuit is zero) or short circuit current (current in the external circuit for which applied voltage is zero) is two key factors which decide the photovoltaic device performance. So we measure how the I–V curve is changing in different humidity conditions without degradation (quick measurement and the humidity condition was at 50% RH as shown in Fig. 3.
I–V characteristics of a perovskite solar cell at various humidity conditions
First I–V curve of red was taken at room temperature and humidity at 50% RH, then humidity was decreased with the flow of dry N2 and I–V curve of green color was taken at low humidity condition at 6% then again humid N2 gas was flown through the chamber and I–V curve of blue was at 50% RH condition. A solar cell in this humidity condition doesn''t degrade because all the measurement at 50% RH was quick. Perovskite solar cells degrade quickly in humidity more than 80% (Fig. 1) so the changes in Voc were small.
We use LED of white color for measurements and its intensity was very small (around 4–5 mW/cm2).
Humidity 06% RH with dry N2
Humidity 50% RH with humid N2
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