This work was financially supported by UK EPSRC under the 'Intelligent Grid Interfaced Vehicle Eco-charging (iGIVE) project EP/L001063/1 and NSFC under grants Nos. 61673256, 61533010 and 61640316. Kailong Liu would like to thank the EPSRC for sponsoring his research. Contact online >>
This work was financially supported by UK EPSRC under the ''Intelligent Grid Interfaced Vehicle Eco-charging (iGIVE) project EP/L001063/1 and NSFC under grants Nos. 61673256, 61533010 and 61640316. Kailong Liu would like to thank the EPSRC for sponsoring his research.
This article is published with open access at link.springer and journal.hep .cn
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source, and a link is provided to the Creative Commons license, indicating if changes were made.
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DOI: https://doi /10.1007/s11465-018-0516-8
LiveBench is a cloud platform that enables remote IC exploration and evaluation on real hardware, saving time, reducing costs, and minimizing environmental impact.
Batteries are at the heart of many modern electronic systems, from portable devices to electric vehicles and renewable energy storage solutions. However, managing these power sources effectively is crucial to ensure optimal performance, safety, and longevity. This is where Battery Management Systems (BMS) come into play. In this technical blog, we’ll delve into the intricacies of BMS, exploring their importance, functionality, types, and the latest trends shaping this ever-evolving field.
Batteries, particularly those used in high-power applications, require careful monitoring and control to prevent potential hazards and ensure efficient operation. Without a BMS, batteries can suffer from issues such as overcharging, deep discharging, thermal runaway, and imbalanced cell states – all of which can lead to reduced capacity, shortened lifespan, and potential safety risks.
A well-designed BMS acts as a guardian, protecting the battery pack from these detrimental conditions while maximizing its performance and lifetime. It continuously monitors and manages various parameters, including voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge (SOC), ensuring that the battery operates within its safe operating limits.
At the core of a BMS lies a sophisticated combination of hardware and software components. The hardware typically consists of sensors, control circuitry, and communication interfaces, while the software handles data processing, algorithms, and decision-making.
The BMS monitors critical battery parameters through various sensors, such as voltage and temperature probes. This data is then processed by the system’s microcontroller or dedicated BMS chip, which runs algorithms to calculate crucial metrics like SOC, state of health (SOH), and cell balancing requirements.
Based on these calculations, the BMS can take appropriate actions, such as regulating charging and discharging rates, activating cooling systems, or initiating cell balancing routines. It also communicates with the host system (e.g., a vehicle’s control unit or a power management system) to provide battery status updates and receive commands.
BMS architectures can be classified into three main categories:
1. Centralized BMS: In this design, a single control unit manages the entire battery pack. It offers simplicity and cost-effectiveness but may be less scalable for larger battery systems.
2. Modular BMS: This architecture divides the battery pack into smaller modules, each with its own BMS controller. These modules communicate with a central master controller, offering improved scalability and redundancy.
3. Distributed BMS: In a distributed BMS, each battery cell or small group of cells has its own dedicated management circuit. This design offers the highest level of granularity and redundancy but can be more complex and costly to implement.
A comprehensive BMS typically performs the following key functions:
Implementing a robust BMS can yield numerous benefits for electronic systems that rely on battery power:
The field of Battery Management Systems is constantly evolving, driven by the increasing demand for more efficient, safer, and smarter battery solutions. Some of the current trends shaping the future of BMS include:
As battery technology continues to advance and new applications emerge, the role of Battery Management Systems will become increasingly crucial. By staying up-to-date with the latest trends and techniques, electronic system designers can develop innovative and reliable battery-powered solutions that meet the ever-growing demands for efficiency, safety, and sustainability.
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Battery energy storage systems are placed in increasingly demanding market conditions, providing a wide range of applications. Christoph Birkl, Damien Frost and Adrien Bizeray of Brill Power discuss how to build a battery management system (BMS) that ensures long lifetimes, versatility and availability.
This is an extract of an article which appeared in Vol.29 of PV Tech Power, Solar Media''s quarterly technical journal for the downstream solar industry. Every edition includes ''Storage & Smart Power,'' a dedicated section contributed by the team at Energy-Storage.news.
Every modern battery needs a battery management system (BMS), which is a combination of electronics and software, and acts as the brain of the battery. This article focuses on BMS technology for stationary energy storage systems. The most basic functionalities of the BMS are to make sure that battery cells remain balanced and safe, and important information, such as available energy, is passed on to the user or connected systems.
Balancing is needed because battery systems are made up of hundreds, sometimes thousands of individual cells, which all have slightly different capacities and resistances. These differences increase over time as the cells degrade at different rates. If the cells are not balanced at least occasionally, their voltages will soon drift apart to an extent that the battery capacity becomes unusable.
Safety is ensured by keeping the cells within safe operating limits of voltage, current and temperature, which is particularly important for lithium-ion batteries. If cells get over-charged, charged at very low temperatures, or exposed to excessive currents or temperatures, they could develop faults that may lead to fires or explosions.
Information such as available energy and power cannot be directly measured, which means the BMS must computeit based on measurements of voltage, current and temperature. These computations are called state estimation and the results are passed on to higher-level systems, including user interfaces.
Before we look at BMS design considerations in more detail, it is worth describing the different types of BMS and industry requirements that inform design choices. The balancing approach is typically used to classify BMS types, although other design aspects play important roles, such as different approaches to state estimation and information flows.
Cells, or electrochemical cells, like lithium-ion cells are the smallest unit of energy storage within a pack. They come in various physical sizes which directly relate to their capacity. The minimum voltage of a Lithium-ion cell can be as low as 2.5V (for LFP cells) and the maximum voltage can be as high as 4.3V for NMC chemistries.
In general, the cells within a super cell will self-balance and there is no need to manage them further. Exceptions can include novel chemistries like lithium sulfur and chemistries with flat state of charge versus voltage curves operated in extreme C-rate conditions like lithium iron phosphate.
Super cells are connected in series to form a string. A battery pack usually consists of a single string. Connecting super cells in series increases the voltage of the pack, which is necessary in high power applications to prevent otherwise extremely high operating currents.
When adding cells to a battery pack configuration, the energy capacity increases. Therefore, adding parallel cells to a super cell increases the pack''s energy capacity, as does connecting an additional super cell in series.
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