Laos lithium-iron-phosphate batteries lfp

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Received 2022 Oct 11; Accepted 2022 Nov 30; Collection date 2022 Dec.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons /licenses/by/4.0/).

Keywords: lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), end-of-life (EoL), recycling, environmental impact, electric vehicles (EVs)

At the beginning of the 21st century, the market for EVs is increasing year by year due to the imperative to meet global targets of reducing GHG emissions in order to combat global warming, improve air quality in urban areas, and respond to consumers [5,6]. LIBs have been developed as energy storage for the transport sector and renewable energy systems. Basically, a LIB consists of two cell electrodes, an anode and a cathode, and the main source of active Li-ions in a battery is the positive electrode (cathode). Based on the cathode materials, LIBs can be classified into different types, such as:

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)-LCO;

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4)-LMO;

Lithium Nickel Oxide (LiNiO2)-LNO;

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2)-NMC;

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2)-NCA;

Lithium-ion Phosphate (LiFePo4)-LFP;

Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12)-LTO (negative electrodes).

A brief summary of various Li-ion battery cell chemistries for EVs, adopted from [3,11].

Key composition of LCO, NCM, LFP, and LMO batteries and health impact.

Main end-of-life LIB management processing by reuse and recycling.

Challenges and opportunities of hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and direct recycling processes [94,98].

Lower energy consumption

Products could be used for cathode production

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