India can minimise its dependency on imports and assist in increasing resilience in global supply chains by localising the mining and refining value chain of essential minerals. India has joined the US-led Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) to help strengthen crucial mineral supply chains. The collaboration intends to speed up the establishment of varied and sustainable essential mineral supply chains. In addition, government-to-government (G2G) discussions for cooperative exploration and mining are progressing with friendly nations. The Indian government established KABIL to secure a steady supply of crucial and strategic minerals through G2G negotiationand the acquisition of mining assets abroad.
Lithium-ion batteries are electrochemical energy storage systems in which lithium ions serve as a charge carrier between electrodes. The chemistry used for a certain application is determined by a number of parameters, including cost, energy density, cycle life, and the charging rate necessary for the application. Lithium-ion batteries can be classified into the following categories based on battery chemistry (Active Materials):
It has a layered structure for ion mobility with a graphite carbon anode and a cobalt oxide cathode. The Li-cobalt battery’s high specific energy makes it applicable for consumer electronics, such as digital cameras, mobile phones, and laptops.
It creates a three-dimensional spinel structure to increase safety and stability while lowering internal resistance and improving current handling and ion flow. Newer Li-manganese designs have been successful in improving battery longevity, safety, and specific power. It is applicable for medical devices, portable power tools, hybrid and electric vehicles, and powertrains.
An NMC battery contains one of the most successful nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode combinations. An NMC battery,alsoreferred to as CMN, MNC, and MCN, can function as either an energy cell or a power cell. It is mainly used in e-bikes, EVs, medical devices, and industrial.
Rechargeable lithium batteries were created using one of the well-known battery materials when phosphate was discovered to be a cathode material in 1996. It performs effectively in a sequence of four cells that generates a voltage similar to that of a series of six lead-acid cells. It is mainly used in stationary applications with high endurance.
NCA batteries are extensively utilised in EV powertrains due to their high specific energy, excellent specific power, and reasonably long lifespan. It is applicable for EVs, electric powertrains, medical devices, and industrial.
One of the best-performing and safest Li-ion batteries is the lithium-titanate battery. When charging at low temperatures and fast charging, an LTO battery exhibits zero strain and does not generate an SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) layer or lithium plating, as opposed to a normal cobalt-blended Li-ion battery. It is applicable in aerospace and military equipment, EVs, electric powertrains, solar-powered street lighting, telecommunications systems, and UPS.
A lithium-ion battery is made up of many modules, each of which is made up of several constituent cells - the basic electrochemical units. In a lithium-ion cell, the cathode active material and anode active material are deposited onto thin metal foils known as current collectors. The cathode is made of aluminium foil, whereas the graphite anode is made of copper foil. To allow the passage of lithium ions, a liquid electrolyte is positioned between the electrodes. This electrolyte is typically composed of lithium salts and a solvent. A separator membrane (made of a specially produced polymer, such as high-density polyethylene or polyolefin) is necessary to physically separate the two electrodes while enabling ions to pass through unhindered.
Key Components for Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing
The Lithium-Ion Cell Manufacturing Process
The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME) initiative was introduced as part of this strategy in 2015. The Ministry of Heavy Industries has been implementing the (FAME India) Scheme Phase-II for a five-year period beginning April 1st, 2019, with a total budgetary support of Rs. 10,000 crore (US$ 1.20 billion). This phase primarily focuses on boosting the electrification of public and shared transport, with the goal of supporting 7,090 eBuses, 5,00,000 e-3 Wheelers, 55,000 e-4 Wheeler Passenger Cars and 10,00,000 e-2 Wheelers through demand incentives. The budget includes funds for the construction of charging stations as well as up-front incentives to lower the cost of purchasing vehicles.
The government has invested around US$ 2.5 billion in this incentive scheme, which seeks to establish a local manufacturing capacity of 50 GWh of ACC and 5 GWh of niche ACC capacity (planned). The programme intends to improve exports and generate economies of scale, helping big domestic and international manufacturers develop a competitive ACC battery production in India. To receive incentives under the programme, the government has agreements in place with three bidders, namely Reliance New Energy Solar, Ola Electric, and Rajesh Exports.
The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change published the Battery Waste Management Rules in 2022 to ensure that battery waste is handled in an environmentally responsible manner.
The regulations stimulate the establishment of new firms and entrepreneurship in the collection, recycling, and repair of spent batteries. By demanding a minimum degree of material recovery from used batteries in the recommendations, new technologies, investments, and business opportunities will be brought to the recycling and refurbishment sector.
MeitY createdtechnology as apart of the "Centre of Excellence on E-waste management" established at the Centre for Material for Electronics Technology (C-MET) in Hyderabad in partnership with the Government of Telangana and business partner M/s Greenko Energies Private Ltd., Hyderabad.
In order to improve the efficient and effective use of resources (public funds, land, and raw materials for advanced cell batteries) for the provision of customer-centric services, NITI Aayog designed the draft of the battery swapping policy. EVs with swappable batteries are eligible for the same incentives as electric vehicles with fixed batteries installed from the factory. According to the proposed legislation, the size of the incentive would be determined by the kWh rating of the battery and compatible EV.
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