Discover the different legislations which allow EMA to make, amend and enforce regulations for the electricity, gas and district cooling services industries. Gain insights into the policies and frameworks that EMA introduces to keep pace with the changing environment in the energy market. Contact online >>
Discover the different legislations which allow EMA to make, amend and enforce regulations for the electricity, gas and district cooling services industries. Gain insights into the policies and frameworks that EMA introduces to keep pace with the changing environment in the energy market.
By Nelson Acosta HAVANA (Reuters) – Cuba this week asked state and private businesses to generate more of their own electricity from renewable resources and to limit their use of air conditioning, among other conservation measures, as the communist-run government navigates its worst energy crisis in decades. The new regulations, summarized in a 16-page decree []
regulations on public procurement and applies to the implementation of a PPP (art. 11 of SPPPP). Procurement processes (art. 40 to 44 of Regulations) that apply to the PPP: - Open tendering (art. 38) - Limited tendering (art. 39) - Single Source Procurement (art. 42)
This analysis examines factors driving the lack of household access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa, including poor basic infrastructure, inadequate incentives in public service policies, geophysical barriers, and constraints in institutional environment.
Lobamba is a city in Eswatini, and is one of the two capitals (along with Mbabane), serving as the legislative, traditional, spiritual, seat of government of the Parliament of Eswatini, [5] and Ludzidzini Royal Village, the residence of Queen Ntfombi, the Queen Mother.
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Cost-effectiveness of a public service institution can be measured in terms of a ratio of a weighted set of outputs to the expenditure for the provision of these outputs. Since these weights reflect policy preferences, different levels of cost-effectiveness can partly be explained by trade-offs between policy objectives (Smith and Street 2005). Cost-effective solutions imply that a specific level of reliability and quality is offered on a least-cost basis (World Bank 2011).
System losses can be either technical, including copper losses and transformer failures, or operational, such as electrical metre tampering and failure. In practice, electrical utility indicators, such as gaps between electricity supplied to grid and electrical consumption billed, do not allow to clearly separate the two types of losses. Household survey data often include illegal connections in electricity access rates, thus pointing to possible problems of inefficiency and quality of supply, lack of trust in public authorities, and affordability, especially in peri-urban areas (Singh 2015; Tallapragada et al., 2009).
The effectiveness of renewable energy and energy efficiency programmes highly depends of good regulatory governance, in terms of pricing and power purchase policies established and put forward by central and local government institutions, as well as coordination with other initiatives aimed at improving individuals'' health status and supporting long-term behavioural responses in favour of maintenance of improved cooking technology (Hanna et al., 2016; Brown et al., 2006: 21). Moreover, incentives for reducing the use of traditional fuel for cooking as a consequence of additional sources of income and improved dwelling conditions, can be offset by other factors, such as expenditures for school fees and increased scope for collecting firewood by a home helper (Pundo and Fraser 2006).
PSM is unfeasible at this geographical scale. However, it would be useful to reassess the results based on PSM applied to household-level data for villages located near African power pool borders. Similarly, a social welfare function for electricity services as expressed in Eq. (2) cannot strictly be operationalised at a cross-region level, since it would require an analysis at village level with fully consistent longitudinal multi-wave data. In both cases, one should be aware of a number of additional DHS data constraints, pointed out in section A of the Appendix.
In the DRC, hydropower accounts for more than 90% of national electricity supply, with operational capacity estimated to barely exceed half of the installed energy capacity, which is largely concentrated in the Grand Inga project (Kongo Central province). The national electricity grid is distinguished in three main networks (Kinshasa in the West, the Lakes region in the East, and Katanga in the South; Gnassou 2019: 3).
In spite of initiatives to link the two energy power sectors, SAPP still consists in a southern and a northern sector, with the former largely dependent on coal thermal generation (Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa), and the latter mainly reliant on hydropower (Angola, DRC, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; REN21 2018: 33). Also due to this reason, in this analysis Angola and DRC are classified as CAPP members (member states of the four regional power pools in SSA are listed in Table 1).
For instance, in Angola, the enclave province of Cabinda lies mostly below four hundred metres, with a small part of territory towards the north-eastern border with the DRC reaching 800 m. elevation, thus implying zero value in the dummy topogrhet. As an opposite case, the north-western landlocked province of Cuanza Norte presents a markedly heterogeneous topography, passing from plains in the west to high mountains towards the centre and east.
The use of level 2 administrative subdivisions, besides level 1, was made if DHS information was available at a finer geographical scale (e.g., in Rwanda with 30 admin2 districts vs. 5 admin1 provinces; in Namibia, the opposite holds true, with only 4 admin2 vs. 13 admin1 areas).
An additional regional power development plan has been operating since 2005 by member states of the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Programme (NELSAP), which is one of the main regional development programmes promoted by the Nile Basin Initiative. Feasibility studies for NELSAP currently focus on electricity network interconnections between DRC, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya (ikp.nilebasin ).
A beta kernel is given by K(z) = [(1 − z) (1 + z)]/24 if |z| ≤ 1, 0 1 else (z = β′x; notes under Table 3 and Greene 2016a: E-188). Similar to the gamma density, beta kernel functions allow correction of bias errors at data boundaries, as adaptive density estimators with no need for change in smoothing bandwidth (Chen 1999; Mackenzie and Tieu 2004).
Restricting the window width to 1000 km around the border line removes the statistical significance of the interaction dummy distcapp, but it retains a border discontinuity pattern with a parallel shift rightward of the regression parameter fit associated to distance for regions east of this border, given dummy parameter vis-à-vis intercept term estimates (Table 7: model [5w], capp vs. constant).
Insightful and constructive comments from four anonymous reviewers and Rachel Macauley are gratefully acknowledged. The usual caveats apply.
The author declares no competing interests.
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